build(deps): bump actions/checkout from 4.2.0 to 4.2.1

Bumps [actions/checkout](https://github.com/actions/checkout) from 4.2.0 to 4.2.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/checkout/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](d632683dd7...eef61447b9)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/checkout
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+end_of_line = lf
+indent_size = 4
+indent_style = space
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
+[*.go]
+indent_style = tab
+
+[{Makefile,*.mk}]
+indent_style = tab
+
+[*.nix]
+indent_size = 2

.envrc

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+if ! has nix_direnv_version || ! nix_direnv_version 3.0.4; then
+  source_url "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nix-community/nix-direnv/3.0.4/direnvrc" "sha256-DzlYZ33mWF/Gs8DDeyjr8mnVmQGx7ASYqA5WlxwvBG4="
+fi
+use flake . --impure

.github/.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[{*.yml,*.yaml}]
+indent_size = 2

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+name: 🐛 Bug report
+description: Report a bug to help us improve Viper
+labels: [kind/bug]
+body:
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      Thank you for submitting a bug report!
+
+      Please fill out the template below to make it easier to debug your problem.
+
+      If you are not sure if it is a bug or not, you can contact us via the available [support channels](https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/new/choose).
+- type: checkboxes
+  attributes:
+    label: Preflight Checklist
+    description: Please ensure you've completed all of the following.
+    options:
+      - label: I have searched the [issue tracker](https://www.github.com/spf13/viper/issues) for an issue that matches the one I want to file, without success.
+        required: true
+      - label: I am not looking for support or already pursued the available [support channels](https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/new/choose) without success.
+        required: true
+      - label: I have checked the [troubleshooting guide](https://github.com/spf13/viper/blob/master/TROUBLESHOOTING.md) for my problem, without success.
+        required: true
+- type: input
+  attributes:
+    label: Viper Version
+    description: What version of Viper are you using?
+    placeholder: 1.8.1
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: input
+  attributes:
+    label: Go Version
+    description: What version of Go are you using?
+    placeholder: "1.16"
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: dropdown
+  attributes:
+    label: Config Source
+    description: What sources do you load configuration from?
+    options:
+      - Manual set
+      - Flags
+      - Environment variables
+      - Files
+      - Remove K/V stores
+      - Defaults
+    multiple: true
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: dropdown
+  attributes:
+    label: Format
+    description: Which file formats do you use?
+    options:
+      - JSON
+      - YAML
+      - TOML
+      - Dotenv
+      - HCL
+      - Java properties
+      - INI
+      - Other (specify below)
+    multiple: true
+- type: input
+  attributes:
+    label: Repl.it link
+    description: Complete example on Repl.it reproducing the issue. [Here](https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example) is an example you can use.
+    placeholder: https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Code reproducing the issue
+    description: Please provide a Repl.it link if possible.
+    render: go
+    placeholder: |
+      package main
+
+      import (
+        "github.com/spf13/viper"
+      )
+
+      func main() {
+        v := viper.New()
+
+        // ...
+
+        var config Config
+
+        err = v.Unmarshal(&config)
+        if err != nil {
+          panic(err)
+        }
+      }
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Expected Behavior
+    description: A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Actual Behavior
+    description: A clear description of what actually happens.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Steps To Reproduce
+    description: Steps to reproduce the behavior if it is not self-explanatory.
+    placeholder: |
+      1. In this environment...
+      2. With this config...
+      3. Run '...'
+      4. See error...
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Additional Information
+    description: Links? References? Anything that will give us more context about the issue that you are encountering!

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+  - name: ❓ Ask a question
+    url: https://github.com/spf13/viper/discussions/new?category=q-a
+    about:  Ask and discuss questions with other Viper community members
+
+  - name: 📓 Reference
+    url: https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/spf13/viper
+    about: Check the Go code reference
+
+  - name: 💬 Slack channel
+    url: https://gophers.slack.com/messages/viper
+    about: Please ask and answer questions here

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+name: 🎉 Feature request
+description: Suggest an idea for Viper
+labels: [kind/enhancement]
+body:
+- type: markdown
+  attributes:
+    value: |
+      Thank you for submitting a feature request!
+
+      Please describe what you would like to change/add and why in detail by filling out the template below.
+
+      If you are not sure if your request fits into Viper, you can contact us via the available [support channels](https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/new/choose).
+- type: checkboxes
+  attributes:
+    label: Preflight Checklist
+    description: Please ensure you've completed all of the following.
+    options:
+      - label: I have searched the [issue tracker](https://www.github.com/spf13/viper/issues) for an issue that matches the one I want to file, without success.
+        required: true
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Problem Description
+    description: A clear and concise description of the problem you are seeking to solve with this feature request.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Proposed Solution
+    description: A clear and concise description of what would you like to happen.
+  validations:
+    required: true
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Alternatives Considered
+    description: A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered.
+- type: textarea
+  attributes:
+    label: Additional Information
+    description: Add any other context about the problem here.

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATES.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!--
+Thank you for sending a pull request! Here some tips for contributors:
+
+1. Fill the description template below.
+2. Include appropriate tests (if necessary). Make sure that all CI checks passed.
+3. If the Pull Request is a work in progress, make use of GitHub's "Draft PR" feature and mark it as such.
+-->
+
+**Overview**:
+<!-- Describe your changes briefly here. -->
+
+**What problem does it solve?**:
+<!--
+- Please state in detail why we need this PR and what it solves.
+- If your PR closes some of the existing issues, please add links to them here.
+  Mentioned issues will be automatically closed.
+  Usage: "Closes #<issue number>", or "Closes (paste link of issue)"
+-->
+
+**Special notes for a reviewer**:

.github/dependabot.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+version: 2
+
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: gomod
+    directory: /
+    labels:
+      - area/dependencies
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily
+
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    labels:
+      - area/dependencies
+    schedule:
+      interval: daily

.github/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+changelog:
+  exclude:
+    labels:
+      - release-note/ignore
+  categories:
+    - title: Exciting New Features 🎉
+      labels:
+        - kind/feature
+        - release-note/new-feature
+    - title: Enhancements 🚀
+      labels:
+        - kind/enhancement
+        - release-note/enhancement
+    - title: Bug Fixes 🐛
+      labels:
+        - kind/bug
+        - release-note/bug-fix
+    - title: Breaking Changes 🛠
+      labels:
+        - release-note/breaking-change
+    - title: Deprecations ❌
+      labels:
+        - release-note/deprecation
+    - title: Dependency Updates ⬆️
+      labels:
+        - area/dependencies
+        - release-note/dependency-update
+    - title: Other Changes
+      labels:
+        - "*"

.github/workflows/checks.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+name: PR Checks
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, labeled, unlabeled, synchronize]
+
+jobs:
+  release-label:
+    name: Release note label
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Check minimum labels
+        uses: mheap/github-action-required-labels@d25134c992b943fb6ad00c25ea00eb5988c0a9dd # v5.4.2
+        with:
+          mode: minimum
+          count: 1
+          labels: |
+            release-note/ignore
+            kind/feature
+            release-note/new-feature
+            kind/enhancement
+            release-note/enhancement
+            kind/bug
+            release-note/bug-fix
+            release-note/breaking-change
+            release-note/deprecation
+            area/dependencies
+            release-note/dependency-update
+            release-note/misc

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+name: CI
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - goos: js
+            goarch: wasm
+          - goos: aix
+            goarch: ppc64
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        with:
+          go-version: "1.23"
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: go build .
+        env:
+          GOOS: ${{ matrix.goos }}
+          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.goarch }}
+
+  test:
+    name: Test
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+    strategy:
+      # Fail fast is disabled because there are Go version specific features and tests
+      # that should be able to fail independently.
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
+        go: ["1.21", "1.22", "1.23"]
+        tags: ["", "viper_finder", "viper_bind_struct"]
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: go test -race -v -tags '${{ matrix.tags }}' -shuffle=on ./...
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+
+      - name: Test (without race detector)
+        run: go test -v -tags '${{ matrix.tags }}' -shuffle=on ./...
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+
+  lint:
+    name: Lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+      - name: Set up Go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        with:
+          go-version: "1.23"
+
+      - name: Lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@971e284b6050e8a5849b72094c50ab08da042db8 # v6.1.1
+        with:
+          version: v1.60.3
+
+  dev:
+    name: Developer environment
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+      - name: Set up Nix
+        uses: cachix/install-nix-action@3715ab1a11cac9e991980d7b4a28d80c7ebdd8f9 # v27
+        with:
+          extra_nix_config: |
+            access-tokens = github.com=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Check
+        run: nix flake check --impure
+
+      - name: Dev shell
+        run: nix develop --impure
+
+  dependency-review:
+    name: Dependency review
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+      - name: Dependency Review
+        uses: actions/dependency-review-action@5a2ce3f5b92ee19cbb1541a4984c76d921601d7c # v4.3.4

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# For most projects, this workflow file will not need changing; you simply need
+# to commit it to your repository.
+#
+# You may wish to alter this file to override the set of languages analyzed,
+# or to provide custom queries or build logic.
+#
+# ******** NOTE ********
+# We have attempted to detect the languages in your repository. Please check
+# the `language` matrix defined below to confirm you have the correct set of
+# supported CodeQL languages.
+#
+name: "CodeQL"
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [ master ]
+  pull_request:
+    # The branches below must be a subset of the branches above
+    branches: [ master ]
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '22 16 * * 3'
+
+jobs:
+  analyze:
+    name: Analyze
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      contents: read
+      security-events: write
+
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        language: [ 'go' ]
+        # CodeQL supports [ 'cpp', 'csharp', 'go', 'java', 'javascript', 'python' ]
+        # Learn more:
+        # https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/github/finding-security-vulnerabilities-and-errors-in-your-code/configuring-code-scanning#changing-the-languages-that-are-analyzed
+
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout repository
+      uses: actions/checkout@eef61447b9ff4aafe5dcd4e0bbf5d482be7e7871 # v4.2.1
+
+    # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
+    - name: Initialize CodeQL
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@6db8d6351fd0be61f9ed8ebd12ccd35dcec51fea # v3.26.11
+      with:
+        languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
+        # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
+        # By default, queries listed here will override any specified in a config file.
+        # Prefix the list here with "+" to use these queries and those in the config file.
+        # queries: ./path/to/local/query, your-org/your-repo/queries@main
+
+    # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
+    # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
+    - name: Autobuild
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@6db8d6351fd0be61f9ed8ebd12ccd35dcec51fea # v3.26.11
+
+    # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
+    # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
+
+    # ✏️ If the Autobuild fails above, remove it and uncomment the following three lines
+    #    and modify them (or add more) to build your code if your project
+    #    uses a compiled language
+
+    #- run: |
+    #   make bootstrap
+    #   make release
+
+    - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@6db8d6351fd0be61f9ed8ebd12ccd35dcec51fea # v3.26.11
+

.gitignore

@@ -1,29 +1,8 @@
-# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects)
+/.devenv/
-*.o
+/.direnv/
-*.a
+/.idea/
-*.so
+/.pre-commit-config.yaml
-
+/bin/
-# Folders
+/build/
-_obj
+/var/
-_test
+/vendor/
-
-# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes
-*.[568vq]
-[568vq].out
-
-*.cgo1.go
-*.cgo2.c
-_cgo_defun.c
-_cgo_gotypes.go
-_cgo_export.*
-
-_testmain.go
-
-*.exe
-*.test
-*.bench
-
-.vscode
-
-# exclude dependencies in the `/vendor` folder
-vendor

.golangci.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+run:
+    timeout: 5m
+
+linters-settings:
+    gci:
+        sections:
+            - standard
+            - default
+            - prefix(github.com/spf13/viper)
+    gocritic:
+        # Enable multiple checks by tags. See "Tags" section in https://github.com/go-critic/go-critic#usage.
+        enabled-tags:
+            - diagnostic
+            - experimental
+            - opinionated
+            - style
+        disabled-checks:
+            - importShadow
+            - unnamedResult
+    golint:
+        min-confidence: 0
+    goimports:
+        local-prefixes: github.com/spf13/viper
+
+linters:
+    disable-all: true
+    enable:
+        - bodyclose
+        - dogsled
+        - dupl
+        - durationcheck
+        - exhaustive
+        - exportloopref
+        - gci
+        - gocritic
+        - godot
+        - gofmt
+        - gofumpt
+        - goimports
+        - gomoddirectives
+        - goprintffuncname
+        - govet
+        - importas
+        - ineffassign
+        - makezero
+        - misspell
+        - nakedret
+        - nilerr
+        - noctx
+        - nolintlint
+        - prealloc
+        - predeclared
+        - revive
+        - rowserrcheck
+        - sqlclosecheck
+        - staticcheck
+        - stylecheck
+        - tparallel
+        - typecheck
+        - unconvert
+        - unparam
+        - unused
+        - wastedassign
+        - whitespace
+
+        # fixme
+        # - cyclop
+        # - errcheck
+        # - errorlint
+        # - exhaustivestruct
+        # - forbidigo
+        # - forcetypeassert
+        # - gochecknoglobals
+        # - gochecknoinits
+        # - gocognit
+        # - goconst
+        # - gocyclo
+        # - gosec
+        # - gosimple
+        # - ifshort
+        # - lll
+        # - nlreturn
+        # - paralleltest
+        # - scopelint
+        # - thelper
+        # - wrapcheck
+
+        # unused
+        # - depguard
+        # - goheader
+        # - gomodguard
+
+        # deprecated
+        # - deadcode
+        # - structcheck
+        # - varcheck
+
+        # don't enable:
+        # - asciicheck
+        # - funlen
+        # - godox
+        # - goerr113
+        # - gomnd
+        # - interfacer
+        # - maligned
+        # - nestif
+        # - testpackage
+        # - wsl

.travis.yml

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-go_import_path: github.com/spf13/viper
-
-language: go
-
-env:
-  global:
-  - GO111MODULE="on"
-
-go:
-  - 1.11.x
-  - tip
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-    - go: tip
-  fast_finish: true
-
-script:
-  - go install ./...
-  - diff -u <(echo -n) <(gofmt -d .)
-  - go test -v ./...
-
-after_success:
-  - go get -u -d github.com/spf13/hugo
-  - cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/spf13/hugo && make && ./hugo -s docs && cd -
-
-sudo: false

.yamlignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# TODO: FIXME
+/.github/

.yamllint.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+ignore-from-file: [.gitignore, .yamlignore]
+
+extends: default
+
+rules:
+  line-length: disable

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# A Self-Documenting Makefile: http://marmelab.com/blog/2016/02/29/auto-documented-makefile.html
+
+OS = $(shell uname | tr A-Z a-z)
+export PATH := $(abspath bin/):${PATH}
+
+# Build variables
+BUILD_DIR ?= build
+export CGO_ENABLED ?= 0
+export GOOS = $(shell go env GOOS)
+ifeq (${VERBOSE}, 1)
+ifeq ($(filter -v,${GOARGS}),)
+	GOARGS += -v
+endif
+TEST_FORMAT = short-verbose
+endif
+
+# Dependency versions
+GOTESTSUM_VERSION = 1.9.0
+GOLANGCI_VERSION = 1.53.3
+
+# Add the ability to override some variables
+# Use with care
+-include override.mk
+
+.PHONY: clear
+clear: ## Clear the working area and the project
+	rm -rf bin/
+
+.PHONY: check
+check: test lint ## Run tests and linters
+
+
+TEST_PKGS ?= ./...
+.PHONY: test
+test: TEST_FORMAT ?= short
+test: SHELL = /bin/bash
+test: export CGO_ENABLED=1
+test: bin/gotestsum ## Run tests
+	@mkdir -p ${BUILD_DIR}
+	bin/gotestsum --no-summary=skipped --junitfile ${BUILD_DIR}/coverage.xml --format ${TEST_FORMAT} -- -race -coverprofile=${BUILD_DIR}/coverage.txt -covermode=atomic $(filter-out -v,${GOARGS}) $(if ${TEST_PKGS},${TEST_PKGS},./...)
+
+.PHONY: lint
+lint: lint-go lint-yaml
+lint: ## Run linters
+
+.PHONY: lint-go
+lint-go:
+	golangci-lint run $(if ${CI},--out-format github-actions,)
+
+.PHONY: lint-yaml
+lint-yaml:
+	yamllint $(if ${CI},-f github,) --no-warnings .
+
+.PHONY: fmt
+fmt: ## Format code
+	golangci-lint run --fix
+
+deps: bin/golangci-lint bin/gotestsum yamllint
+deps: ## Install dependencies
+
+bin/gotestsum:
+	@mkdir -p bin
+	curl -L https://github.com/gotestyourself/gotestsum/releases/download/v${GOTESTSUM_VERSION}/gotestsum_${GOTESTSUM_VERSION}_${OS}_amd64.tar.gz | tar -zOxf - gotestsum > ./bin/gotestsum && chmod +x ./bin/gotestsum
+
+bin/golangci-lint:
+	@mkdir -p bin
+	curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | bash -s -- v${GOLANGCI_VERSION}
+
+.PHONY: yamllint
+yamllint:
+	pip3 install --user yamllint
+
+# Add custom targets here
+-include custom.mk
+
+.PHONY: list
+list: ## List all make targets
+	@${MAKE} -pRrn : -f $(MAKEFILE_LIST) 2>/dev/null | awk -v RS= -F: '/^# File/,/^# Finished Make data base/ {if ($$1 !~ "^[#.]") {print $$1}}' | egrep -v -e '^[^[:alnum:]]' -e '^$@$$' | sort
+
+.PHONY: help
+.DEFAULT_GOAL := help
+help:
+	@grep -h -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) | awk 'BEGIN {FS = ":.*?## "}; {printf "\033[36m%-30s\033[0m %s\n", $$1, $$2}'
+
+# Variable outputting/exporting rules
+var-%: ; @echo $($*)
+varexport-%: ; @echo $*=$($*)

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,20 @@
-![viper logo](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/173412/10886745/998df88a-8151-11e5-9448-4736db51020d.png)
+> ## Viper v2 feedback
+> Viper is heading towards v2 and we would love to hear what _**you**_ would like to see in it. Share your thoughts here: https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9
+>
+> **Thank you!**
 
-Go configuration with fangs!
+![Viper](.github/logo.png?raw=true)
+
+[![Mentioned in Awesome Go](https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge-flat.svg)](https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#configuration)
+[![run on repl.it](https://repl.it/badge/github/sagikazarmark/Viper-example)](https://repl.it/@sagikazarmark/Viper-example#main.go)
+
+[![GitHub Workflow Status](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/spf13/viper/ci.yaml?branch=master&style=flat-square)](https://github.com/spf13/viper/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)
+[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/spf13/viper](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/spf13/viper?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/spf13/viper?style=flat-square)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/spf13/viper)
+![Go Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/go%20version-%3E=1.21-61CFDD.svg?style=flat-square)
+[![PkgGoDev](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/mod/github.com/spf13/viper)](https://pkg.go.dev/mod/github.com/spf13/viper)
+
+**Go configuration with fangs!**
 
 Many Go projects are built using Viper including:
 
@@ -12,18 +26,30 @@ Many Go projects are built using Viper including:
 * [BloomApi](https://www.bloomapi.com/)
 * [doctl](https://github.com/digitalocean/doctl)
 * [Clairctl](https://github.com/jgsqware/clairctl)
+* [Mercure](https://mercure.rocks)
+* [Meshery](https://github.com/meshery/meshery)
+* [Bearer](https://github.com/bearer/bearer)
+* [Coder](https://github.com/coder/coder)
+* [Vitess](https://vitess.io/)
 
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/spf13/viper.svg)](https://travis-ci.org/spf13/viper) [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/spf13/viper](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/spf13/viper?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge) [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/spf13/viper?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/spf13/viper)
+
+## Install
+
+```shell
+go get github.com/spf13/viper
+```
+
+**Note:** Viper uses [Go Modules](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules) to manage dependencies.
 
 
 ## What is Viper?
 
-Viper is a complete configuration solution for Go applications including 12-Factor apps. It is designed
+Viper is a complete configuration solution for Go applications including [12-Factor apps](https://12factor.net/#the_twelve_factors).
-to work within an application, and can handle all types of configuration needs
+It is designed to work within an application, and can handle all types of configuration needs
 and formats. It supports:
 
 * setting defaults
-* reading from JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, and Java properties config files
+* reading from JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, envfile and Java properties config files
 * live watching and re-reading of config files (optional)
 * reading from environment variables
 * reading from remote config systems (etcd or Consul), and watching changes
@@ -31,8 +57,8 @@ and formats. It supports:
 * reading from buffer
 * setting explicit values
 
-Viper can be thought of as a registry for all of your applications
+Viper can be thought of as a registry for all of your applications configuration needs.
-configuration needs.
+
 
 ## Why Viper?
 
@@ -42,34 +68,31 @@ Viper is here to help with that.
 
 Viper does the following for you:
 
-1. Find, load, and unmarshal a configuration file in JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, or Java properties formats.
+1. Find, load, and unmarshal a configuration file in JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile or Java properties formats.
-2. Provide a mechanism to set default values for your different
+2. Provide a mechanism to set default values for your different configuration options.
-   configuration options.
+3. Provide a mechanism to set override values for options specified through command line flags.
-3. Provide a mechanism to set override values for options specified through
+4. Provide an alias system to easily rename parameters without breaking existing code.
-   command line flags.
+5. Make it easy to tell the difference between when a user has provided a command line or config file which is the same as the default.
-4. Provide an alias system to easily rename parameters without breaking existing
-   code.
-5. Make it easy to tell the difference between when a user has provided a
-   command line or config file which is the same as the default.
 
-Viper uses the following precedence order. Each item takes precedence over the
+Viper uses the following precedence order. Each item takes precedence over the item below it:
-item below it:
 
- * explicit call to Set
+ * explicit call to `Set`
  * flag
  * env
  * config
  * key/value store
  * default
 
-Viper configuration keys are case insensitive.
+**Important:** Viper configuration keys are case insensitive.
+There are ongoing discussions about making that optional.
+
 
 ## Putting Values into Viper
 
 ### Establishing Defaults
 
 A good configuration system will support default values. A default value is not
-required for a key, but it’s useful in the event that a key hasn’t been set via
+required for a key, but it’s useful in the event that a key hasn't been set via
 config file, environment variable, remote configuration or flag.
 
 Examples:
@@ -83,7 +106,7 @@ viper.SetDefault("Taxonomies", map[string]string{"tag": "tags", "category": "cat
 ### Reading Config Files
 
 Viper requires minimal configuration so it knows where to look for config files.
-Viper supports JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, and Java Properties files. Viper can search multiple paths, but
+Viper supports JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL, INI, envfile and Java Properties files. Viper can search multiple paths, but
 currently a single Viper instance only supports a single configuration file.
 Viper does not default to any configuration search paths leaving defaults decision
 to an application.
@@ -94,15 +117,54 @@ where a configuration file is expected.
 
 ```go
 viper.SetConfigName("config") // name of config file (without extension)
+viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // REQUIRED if the config file does not have the extension in the name
 viper.AddConfigPath("/etc/appname/")   // path to look for the config file in
 viper.AddConfigPath("$HOME/.appname")  // call multiple times to add many search paths
 viper.AddConfigPath(".")               // optionally look for config in the working directory
 err := viper.ReadInConfig() // Find and read the config file
 if err != nil { // Handle errors reading the config file
-	panic(fmt.Errorf("Fatal error config file: %s \n", err))
+	panic(fmt.Errorf("fatal error config file: %w", err))
 }
 ```
 
+You can handle the specific case where no config file is found like this:
+
+```go
+if err := viper.ReadInConfig(); err != nil {
+	if _, ok := err.(viper.ConfigFileNotFoundError); ok {
+		// Config file not found; ignore error if desired
+	} else {
+		// Config file was found but another error was produced
+	}
+}
+
+// Config file found and successfully parsed
+```
+
+*NOTE [since 1.6]:* You can also have a file without an extension and specify the format programmatically. For those configuration files that lie in the home of the user without any extension like `.bashrc`
+
+### Writing Config Files
+
+Reading from config files is useful, but at times you want to store all modifications made at run time.
+For that, a bunch of commands are available, each with its own purpose:
+
+* WriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path, if exists. Errors if no predefined path. Will overwrite the current config file, if it exists.
+* SafeWriteConfig - writes the current viper configuration to the predefined path. Errors if no predefined path. Will not overwrite the current config file, if it exists.
+* WriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will overwrite the given file, if it exists.
+* SafeWriteConfigAs - writes the current viper configuration to the given filepath. Will not overwrite the given file, if it exists.
+
+As a rule of the thumb, everything marked with safe won't overwrite any file, but just create if not existent, whilst the default behavior is to create or truncate.
+
+A small examples section:
+
+```go
+viper.WriteConfig() // writes current config to predefined path set by 'viper.AddConfigPath()' and 'viper.SetConfigName'
+viper.SafeWriteConfig()
+viper.WriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.config")
+viper.SafeWriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.config") // will error since it has already been written
+viper.SafeWriteConfigAs("/path/to/my/.other_config")
+```
+
 ### Watching and re-reading config files
 
 Viper supports the ability to have your application live read a config file while running.
@@ -117,10 +179,10 @@ Optionally you can provide a function for Viper to run each time a change occurs
 **Make sure you add all of the configPaths prior to calling `WatchConfig()`**
 
 ```go
-viper.WatchConfig()
 viper.OnConfigChange(func(e fsnotify.Event) {
 	fmt.Println("Config file changed:", e.Name)
 })
+viper.WatchConfig()
 ```
 
 ### Reading Config from io.Reader
@@ -160,6 +222,7 @@ These could be from a command line flag, or from your own application logic.
 ```go
 viper.Set("Verbose", true)
 viper.Set("LogFile", LogFile)
+viper.Set("host.port", 5899)   // set subset
 ```
 
 ### Registering and Using Aliases
@@ -186,7 +249,7 @@ with ENV:
  * `BindEnv(string...) : error`
  * `SetEnvPrefix(string)`
  * `SetEnvKeyReplacer(string...) *strings.Replacer`
-  * `AllowEmptyEnvVar(bool)`
+ * `AllowEmptyEnv(bool)`
 
 _When working with ENV variables, it’s important to recognize that Viper
 treats ENV variables as case sensitive._
@@ -196,12 +259,13 @@ using `SetEnvPrefix`, you can tell Viper to use a prefix while reading from
 the environment variables. Both `BindEnv` and `AutomaticEnv` will use this
 prefix.
 
-`BindEnv` takes one or two parameters. The first parameter is the key name, the
+`BindEnv` takes one or more parameters. The first parameter is the key name, the
-second is the name of the environment variable. The name of the environment
+rest are the name of the environment variables to bind to this key. If more than
-variable is case sensitive. If the ENV variable name is not provided, then
+one are provided, they will take precedence in the specified order. The name of
-Viper will automatically assume that the key name matches the ENV variable name,
+the environment variable is case sensitive. If the ENV variable name is not provided, then
-but the ENV variable is IN ALL CAPS. When you explicitly provide the ENV
+Viper will automatically assume that the ENV variable matches the following format: prefix + "_" + the key name in ALL CAPS. When you explicitly provide the ENV variable name (the second parameter),
-variable name, it **does not** automatically add the prefix.
+it **does not** automatically add the prefix. For example if the second parameter is "id",
+Viper will look for the ENV variable "ID".
 
 One important thing to recognize when working with ENV variables is that the
 value will be read each time it is accessed. Viper does not fix the value when
@@ -210,7 +274,7 @@ the `BindEnv` is called.
 `AutomaticEnv` is a powerful helper especially when combined with
 `SetEnvPrefix`. When called, Viper will check for an environment variable any
 time a `viper.Get` request is made. It will apply the following rules. It will
-check for a environment variable with a name matching the key uppercased and
+check for an environment variable with a name matching the key uppercased and
 prefixed with the `EnvPrefix` if set.
 
 `SetEnvKeyReplacer` allows you to use a `strings.Replacer` object to rewrite Env
@@ -218,6 +282,9 @@ keys to an extent. This is useful if you want to use `-` or something in your
 `Get()` calls, but want your environmental variables to use `_` delimiters. An
 example of using it can be found in `viper_test.go`.
 
+Alternatively, you can use `EnvKeyReplacer` with `NewWithOptions` factory function.
+Unlike `SetEnvKeyReplacer`, it accepts a `StringReplacer` interface allowing you to write custom string replacing logic.
+
 By default empty environment variables are considered unset and will fall back to
 the next configuration source. To treat empty environment variables as set, use
 the `AllowEmptyEnv` method.
@@ -292,7 +359,7 @@ func main() {
 
 	i := viper.GetInt("flagname") // retrieve value from viper
 
-	...
+	// ...
 }
 ```
 
@@ -346,12 +413,14 @@ package:
 
 `import _ "github.com/spf13/viper/remote"`
 
-Viper will read a config string (as JSON, TOML, YAML or HCL) retrieved from a path
+Viper will read a config string (as JSON, TOML, YAML, HCL or envfile) retrieved from a path
 in a Key/Value store such as etcd or Consul.  These values take precedence over
 default values, but are overridden by configuration values retrieved from disk,
 flags, or environment variables.
 
-Viper uses [crypt](https://github.com/xordataexchange/crypt) to retrieve
+Viper supports multiple hosts. To use, pass a list of endpoints separated by `;`. For example `http://127.0.0.1:4001;http://127.0.0.1:4002`.
+
+Viper uses [crypt](https://github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt) to retrieve
 configuration from the K/V store, which means that you can store your
 configuration values encrypted and have them automatically decrypted if you have
 the correct gpg keyring.  Encryption is optional.
@@ -363,7 +432,7 @@ independently of it.
 K/V store. `crypt` defaults to etcd on http://127.0.0.1:4001.
 
 ```bash
-$ go get github.com/xordataexchange/crypt/bin/crypt
+$ go get github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/bin/crypt
 $ crypt set -plaintext /config/hugo.json /Users/hugo/settings/config.json
 ```
 
@@ -381,12 +450,19 @@ how to use Consul.
 #### etcd
 ```go
 viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd", "http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json")
-viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop"
+viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"
+err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
+```
+
+#### etcd3
+```go
+viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd3", "http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json")
+viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"
 err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
 ```
 
 #### Consul
-You need to set a key to Consul key/value storage with JSON value containing your desired config.  
+You need to set a key to Consul key/value storage with JSON value containing your desired config.
 For example, create a Consul key/value store key `MY_CONSUL_KEY` with value:
 
 ```json
@@ -405,11 +481,30 @@ fmt.Println(viper.Get("port")) // 8080
 fmt.Println(viper.Get("hostname")) // myhostname.com
 ```
 
+#### Firestore
+
+```go
+viper.AddRemoteProvider("firestore", "google-cloud-project-id", "collection/document")
+viper.SetConfigType("json") // Config's format: "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml"
+err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
+```
+
+Of course, you're allowed to use `SecureRemoteProvider` also
+
+
+#### NATS
+
+```go
+viper.AddRemoteProvider("nats", "nats://127.0.0.1:4222", "myapp.config")
+viper.SetConfigType("json")
+err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
+```
+
 ### Remote Key/Value Store Example - Encrypted
 
 ```go
 viper.AddSecureRemoteProvider("etcd","http://127.0.0.1:4001","/config/hugo.json","/etc/secrets/mykeyring.gpg")
-viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes,  supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop"
+viper.SetConfigType("json") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes,  supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"
 err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
 ```
 
@@ -420,7 +515,7 @@ err := viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
 var runtime_viper = viper.New()
 
 runtime_viper.AddRemoteProvider("etcd", "http://127.0.0.1:4001", "/config/hugo.yml")
-runtime_viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop"
+runtime_viper.SetConfigType("yaml") // because there is no file extension in a stream of bytes, supported extensions are "json", "toml", "yaml", "yml", "properties", "props", "prop", "env", "dotenv"
 
 // read from remote config the first time.
 err := runtime_viper.ReadRemoteConfig()
@@ -431,18 +526,18 @@ runtime_viper.Unmarshal(&runtime_conf)
 // open a goroutine to watch remote changes forever
 go func(){
 	for {
-	    time.Sleep(time.Second * 5) // delay after each request
+		time.Sleep(time.Second * 5) // delay after each request
 
-	    // currently, only tested with etcd support
+		// currently, only tested with etcd support
-	    err := runtime_viper.WatchRemoteConfig()
+		err := runtime_viper.WatchRemoteConfig()
-	    if err != nil {
+		if err != nil {
-	        log.Errorf("unable to read remote config: %v", err)
+			log.Errorf("unable to read remote config: %v", err)
-	        continue
+			continue
-	    }
+		}
 
-	    // unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel
+		// unmarshal new config into our runtime config struct. you can also use channel
-	    // to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes
+		// to implement a signal to notify the system of the changes
-	    runtime_viper.Unmarshal(&runtime_conf)
+		runtime_viper.Unmarshal(&runtime_conf)
 	}
 }()
 ```
@@ -452,28 +547,32 @@ go func(){
 In Viper, there are a few ways to get a value depending on the value’s type.
 The following functions and methods exist:
 
- * `Get(key string) : interface{}`
+ * `Get(key string) : any`
  * `GetBool(key string) : bool`
  * `GetFloat64(key string) : float64`
  * `GetInt(key string) : int`
+ * `GetIntSlice(key string) : []int`
  * `GetString(key string) : string`
- * `GetStringMap(key string) : map[string]interface{}`
+ * `GetStringMap(key string) : map[string]any`
  * `GetStringMapString(key string) : map[string]string`
  * `GetStringSlice(key string) : []string`
  * `GetTime(key string) : time.Time`
  * `GetDuration(key string) : time.Duration`
  * `IsSet(key string) : bool`
- * `AllSettings() : map[string]interface{}`
+ * `AllSettings() : map[string]any`
 
 One important thing to recognize is that each Get function will return a zero
 value if it’s not found. To check if a given key exists, the `IsSet()` method
 has been provided.
 
+The zero value will also be returned if the value is set, but fails to parse
+as the requested type.
+
 Example:
 ```go
 viper.GetString("logfile") // case-insensitive Setting & Getting
 if viper.GetBool("verbose") {
-    fmt.Println("verbose enabled")
+	fmt.Println("verbose enabled")
 }
 ```
 ### Accessing nested keys
@@ -519,10 +618,37 @@ the `Set()` method, …) with an immediate value, then all sub-keys of
 `datastore.metric` become undefined, they are “shadowed” by the higher-priority
 configuration level.
 
+Viper can access array indices by using numbers in the path. For example:
+
+```jsonc
+{
+    "host": {
+        "address": "localhost",
+        "ports": [
+            5799,
+            6029
+        ]
+    },
+    "datastore": {
+        "metric": {
+            "host": "127.0.0.1",
+            "port": 3099
+        },
+        "warehouse": {
+            "host": "198.0.0.1",
+            "port": 2112
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+GetInt("host.ports.1") // returns 6029
+
+```
+
 Lastly, if there exists a key that matches the delimited key path, its value
 will be returned instead. E.g.
 
-```json
+```jsonc
 {
     "datastore.metric.host": "0.0.0.0",
     "host": {
@@ -544,14 +670,15 @@ will be returned instead. E.g.
 GetString("datastore.metric.host") // returns "0.0.0.0"
 ```
 
-### Extract sub-tree
+### Extracting a sub-tree
 
-Extract sub-tree from Viper.
+When developing reusable modules, it's often useful to extract a subset of the configuration
+and pass it to a module. This way the module can be instantiated more than once, with different configurations.
 
-For example, `viper` represents:
+For example, an application might use multiple different cache stores for different purposes:
 
-```json
+```yaml
-app:
+cache:
   cache1:
     max-items: 100
     item-size: 64
@@ -560,35 +687,36 @@ app:
     item-size: 80
 ```
 
-After executing:
+We could pass the cache name to a module (eg. `NewCache("cache1")`),
+but it would require weird concatenation for accessing config keys and would be less separated from the global config.
+
+So instead of doing that let's pass a Viper instance to the constructor that represents a subset of the configuration:
 
 ```go
-subv := viper.Sub("app.cache1")
+cache1Config := viper.Sub("cache.cache1")
+if cache1Config == nil { // Sub returns nil if the key cannot be found
+	panic("cache configuration not found")
+}
+
+cache1 := NewCache(cache1Config)
 ```
 
-`subv` represents:
+**Note:** Always check the return value of `Sub`. It returns `nil` if a key cannot be found.
 
-```json
+Internally, the `NewCache` function can address `max-items` and `item-size` keys directly:
-max-items: 100
-item-size: 64
-```
-
-Suppose we have:
 
 ```go
-func NewCache(cfg *Viper) *Cache {...}
+func NewCache(v *Viper) *Cache {
+	return &Cache{
+		MaxItems: v.GetInt("max-items"),
+		ItemSize: v.GetInt("item-size"),
+	}
+}
 ```
 
-which creates a cache based on config information formatted as `subv`.
+The resulting code is easy to test, since it's decoupled from the main config structure,
-Now it’s easy to create these 2 caches separately as:
+and easier to reuse (for the same reason).
 
-```go
-cfg1 := viper.Sub("app.cache1")
-cache1 := NewCache(cfg1)
-
-cfg2 := viper.Sub("app.cache2")
-cache2 := NewCache(cfg2)
-```
 
 ### Unmarshaling
 
@@ -597,8 +725,8 @@ etc.
 
 There are two methods to do this:
 
- * `Unmarshal(rawVal interface{}) : error`
+ * `Unmarshal(rawVal any) : error`
- * `UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal interface{}) : error`
+ * `UnmarshalKey(key string, rawVal any) : error`
 
 Example:
 
@@ -611,42 +739,112 @@ type config struct {
 
 var C config
 
-err := Unmarshal(&C)
+err := viper.Unmarshal(&C)
 if err != nil {
 	t.Fatalf("unable to decode into struct, %v", err)
 }
 ```
 
+If you want to unmarshal configuration where the keys themselves contain dot (the default key delimiter),
+you have to change the delimiter:
+
+```go
+v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.KeyDelimiter("::"))
+
+v.SetDefault("chart::values", map[string]any{
+	"ingress": map[string]any{
+		"annotations": map[string]any{
+			"traefik.frontend.rule.type":                 "PathPrefix",
+			"traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect": "true",
+		},
+	},
+})
+
+type config struct {
+	Chart struct{
+		Values map[string]any
+	}
+}
+
+var C config
+
+v.Unmarshal(&C)
+```
+
+Viper also supports unmarshaling into embedded structs:
+
+```go
+/*
+Example config:
+
+module:
+    enabled: true
+    token: 89h3f98hbwf987h3f98wenf89ehf
+*/
+type config struct {
+	Module struct {
+		Enabled bool
+
+		moduleConfig `mapstructure:",squash"`
+	}
+}
+
+// moduleConfig could be in a module specific package
+type moduleConfig struct {
+	Token string
+}
+
+var C config
+
+err := viper.Unmarshal(&C)
+if err != nil {
+	t.Fatalf("unable to decode into struct, %v", err)
+}
+```
+
+Viper uses [github.com/go-viper/mapstructure](https://github.com/go-viper/mapstructure) under the hood for unmarshaling values which uses `mapstructure` tags by default.
+
+### Decoding custom formats
+
+A frequently requested feature for Viper is adding more value formats and decoders.
+For example, parsing character (dot, comma, semicolon, etc) separated strings into slices.
+
+This is already available in Viper using mapstructure decode hooks.
+
+Read more about the details in [this blog post](https://sagikazarmark.hu/blog/decoding-custom-formats-with-viper/).
+
 ### Marshalling to string
 
-You may need to marhsal all the settings held in viper into a string rather than write them to a file. 
+You may need to marshal all the settings held in viper into a string rather than write them to a file.
 You can use your favorite format's marshaller with the config returned by `AllSettings()`.
 
 ```go
 import (
-    yaml "gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	yaml "gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
-    // ...
+	// ...
-) 
+)
 
 func yamlStringSettings() string {
-    c := viper.AllSettings()
+	c := viper.AllSettings()
 	bs, err := yaml.Marshal(c)
 	if err != nil {
-        t.Fatalf("unable to marshal config to YAML: %v", err)
+		log.Fatalf("unable to marshal config to YAML: %v", err)
-    }
+	}
 	return string(bs)
 }
 ```
 
 ## Viper or Vipers?
 
-Viper comes ready to use out of the box. There is no configuration or
+Viper comes with a global instance (singleton) out of the box.
-initialization needed to begin using Viper. Since most applications will want
-to use a single central repository for their configuration, the viper package
-provides this. It is similar to a singleton.
 
-In all of the examples above, they demonstrate using viper in its singleton
+Although it makes setting up configuration easy,
-style approach.
+using it is generally discouraged as it makes testing harder and can lead to unexpected behavior.
+
+The best practice is to initialize a Viper instance and pass that around when necessary.
+
+The global instance _MAY_ be deprecated in the future.
+See [#1855](https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/1855) for more details.
 
 ### Working with multiple vipers
 
@@ -670,22 +868,63 @@ y.SetDefault("ContentDir", "foobar")
 When working with multiple vipers, it is up to the user to keep track of the
 different vipers.
 
+
 ## Q & A
 
-Q: Why not INI files?
+### Why is it called “Viper”?
-
-A: Ini files are pretty awful. There’s no standard format, and they are hard to
-validate. Viper is designed to work with JSON, TOML or YAML files. If someone
-really wants to add this feature, I’d be happy to merge it. It’s easy to specify
-which formats your application will permit.
-
-Q: Why is it called “Viper”?
 
 A: Viper is designed to be a [companion](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(G.I._Joe))
 to [Cobra](https://github.com/spf13/cobra). While both can operate completely
 independently, together they make a powerful pair to handle much of your
 application foundation needs.
 
-Q: Why is it called “Cobra”?
+### Why is it called “Cobra”?
 
-A: Is there a better name for a [commander](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander)?
+Is there a better name for a [commander](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Commander)?
+
+### Does Viper support case sensitive keys?
+
+**tl;dr:** No.
+
+Viper merges configuration from various sources, many of which are either case insensitive or uses different casing than the rest of the sources (eg. env vars).
+In order to provide the best experience when using multiple sources, the decision has been made to make all keys case insensitive.
+
+There has been several attempts to implement case sensitivity, but unfortunately it's not that trivial. We might take a stab at implementing it in [Viper v2](https://github.com/spf13/viper/issues/772), but despite the initial noise, it does not seem to be requested that much.
+
+You can vote for case sensitivity by filling out this feedback form: https://forms.gle/R6faU74qPRPAzchZ9
+
+### Is it safe to concurrently read and write to a viper?
+
+No, you will need to synchronize access to the viper yourself (for example by using the `sync` package). Concurrent reads and writes can cause a panic.
+
+## Troubleshooting
+
+See [TROUBLESHOOTING.md](TROUBLESHOOTING.md).
+
+## Development
+
+**For an optimal developer experience, it is recommended to install [Nix](https://nixos.org/download.html) and [direnv](https://direnv.net/docs/installation.html).**
+
+_Alternatively, install [Go](https://go.dev/dl/) on your computer then run `make deps` to install the rest of the dependencies._
+
+Run the test suite:
+
+```shell
+make test
+```
+
+Run linters:
+
+```shell
+make lint # pass -j option to run them in parallel
+```
+
+Some linter violations can automatically be fixed:
+
+```shell
+make fmt
+```
+
+## License
+
+The project is licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE).

TROUBLESHOOTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Troubleshooting
+
+## Unmarshaling doesn't work
+
+The most common reason for this issue is improper use of struct tags (eg. `yaml` or `json`). Viper uses [github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure](https://github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure) under the hood for unmarshaling values which uses `mapstructure` tags by default. Please refer to the library's documentation for using other struct tags.
+
+## Cannot find package
+
+Viper installation seems to fail a lot lately with the following (or a similar) error:
+
+```
+cannot find package "github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/hcl1" in any of:
+/usr/local/Cellar/go/1.15.7_1/libexec/src/github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/hcl1 (from $GOROOT)
+/Users/user/go/src/github.com/hashicorp/hcl/tree/hcl1 (from $GOPATH)
+```
+
+As the error message suggests, Go tries to look up dependencies in `GOPATH` mode (as it's commonly called) from the `GOPATH`.
+Viper opted to use [Go Modules](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules) to manage its dependencies. While in many cases the two methods are interchangeable, once a dependency releases new (major) versions, `GOPATH` mode is no longer able to decide which version to use, so it'll either use one that's already present or pick a version (usually the `master` branch).
+
+The solution is easy: switch to using Go Modules.
+Please refer to the [wiki](https://go.dev/wiki/Modules) on how to do that.
+
+**tl;dr* `export GO111MODULE=on`
+
+## Unquoted 'y' and 'n' characters get replaced with _true_ and _false_ when reading a YAML file
+
+This is a YAML 1.1 feature according to [go-yaml/yaml#740](https://github.com/go-yaml/yaml/issues/740).
+
+Potential solutions are:
+
+1. Quoting values resolved as boolean
+1. Upgrading to YAML v3 (for the time being this is possible by passing the `viper_yaml3` tag to your build)

encoding.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/dotenv"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/json"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/toml"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper/internal/encoding/yaml"
+)
+
+// Encoder encodes Viper's internal data structures into a byte representation.
+// It's primarily used for encoding a map[string]any into a file format.
+type Encoder interface {
+	Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// Decoder decodes the contents of a byte slice into Viper's internal data structures.
+// It's primarily used for decoding contents of a file into a map[string]any.
+type Decoder interface {
+	Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error
+}
+
+// Codec combines [Encoder] and [Decoder] interfaces.
+type Codec interface {
+	Encoder
+	Decoder
+}
+
+// TODO: consider adding specific errors for not found scenarios
+
+// EncoderRegistry returns an [Encoder] for a given format.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+//
+// [EncoderRegistry] returns an error if no [Encoder] is registered for the format.
+type EncoderRegistry interface {
+	Encoder(format string) (Encoder, error)
+}
+
+// DecoderRegistry returns an [Decoder] for a given format.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+//
+// [DecoderRegistry] returns an error if no [Decoder] is registered for the format.
+type DecoderRegistry interface {
+	Decoder(format string) (Decoder, error)
+}
+
+// [CodecRegistry] combines [EncoderRegistry] and [DecoderRegistry] interfaces.
+type CodecRegistry interface {
+	EncoderRegistry
+	DecoderRegistry
+}
+
+// WithEncoderRegistry sets a custom [EncoderRegistry].
+func WithEncoderRegistry(r EncoderRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.encoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// WithDecoderRegistry sets a custom [DecoderRegistry].
+func WithDecoderRegistry(r DecoderRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.decoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// WithCodecRegistry sets a custom [EncoderRegistry] and [DecoderRegistry].
+func WithCodecRegistry(r CodecRegistry) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if r == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.encoderRegistry = r
+		v.decoderRegistry = r
+	})
+}
+
+// DefaultCodecRegistry is a simple implementation of [CodecRegistry] that allows registering custom [Codec]s.
+type DefaultCodecRegistry struct {
+	codecs map[string]Codec
+
+	mu   sync.RWMutex
+	once sync.Once
+}
+
+// NewCodecRegistry returns a new [CodecRegistry], ready to accept custom [Codec]s.
+func NewCodecRegistry() *DefaultCodecRegistry {
+	r := &DefaultCodecRegistry{}
+
+	r.init()
+
+	return r
+}
+
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) init() {
+	r.once.Do(func() {
+		r.codecs = map[string]Codec{}
+	})
+}
+
+// RegisterCodec registers a custom [Codec].
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) RegisterCodec(format string, codec Codec) error {
+	r.init()
+
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	r.codecs[strings.ToLower(format)] = codec
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Encoder implements the [EncoderRegistry] interface.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) Encoder(format string) (Encoder, error) {
+	encoder, ok := r.codec(format)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("encoder not found for this format")
+	}
+
+	return encoder, nil
+}
+
+// Decoder implements the [DecoderRegistry] interface.
+//
+// Format is case-insensitive.
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) Decoder(format string) (Decoder, error) {
+	decoder, ok := r.codec(format)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("decoder not found for this format")
+	}
+
+	return decoder, nil
+}
+
+func (r *DefaultCodecRegistry) codec(format string) (Codec, bool) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	format = strings.ToLower(format)
+
+	if r.codecs != nil {
+		codec, ok := r.codecs[format]
+		if ok {
+			return codec, true
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch format {
+	case "yaml", "yml":
+		return yaml.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "json":
+		return json.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "toml":
+		return toml.Codec{}, true
+
+	case "dotenv", "env":
+		return &dotenv.Codec{}, true
+	}
+
+	return nil, false
+}

encoding_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type codec struct{}
+
+func (codec) Encode(_ map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (codec) Decode(_ []byte, _ map[string]any) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestDefaultCodecRegistry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("myformat", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		encoder, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+
+		decoder, err := registry.Decoder("myformat")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CodecNotFound", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		_, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		_, err = registry.Decoder("myformat")
+		require.Error(t, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("FormatIsCaseInsensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("MYFORMAT", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		{
+			encoder, err := registry.Encoder("myformat")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			encoder, err := registry.Encoder("MYFORMAT")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			decoder, err := registry.Decoder("myformat")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+		}
+
+		{
+			decoder, err := registry.Decoder("MYFORMAT")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("OverrideDefault", func(t *testing.T) {
+		registry := NewCodecRegistry()
+
+		c := codec{}
+
+		err := registry.RegisterCodec("yaml", c)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		encoder, err := registry.Encoder("yaml")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, encoder)
+
+		decoder, err := registry.Decoder("yaml")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, c, decoder)
+	})
+}

experimental.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package viper
+
+// ExperimentalBindStruct tells Viper to use the new bind struct feature.
+func ExperimentalBindStruct() Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		v.experimentalBindStruct = true
+	})
+}

file.go

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+// ExperimentalFinder tells Viper to use the new Finder interface for finding configuration files.
+func ExperimentalFinder() Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		v.experimentalFinder = true
+	})
+}
+
+// Search for a config file.
+func (v *Viper) findConfigFile() (string, error) {
+	finder := v.finder
+
+	if finder == nil && v.experimentalFinder {
+		var names []string
+
+		if v.configType != "" {
+			names = locafero.NameWithOptionalExtensions(v.configName, SupportedExts...)
+		} else {
+			names = locafero.NameWithExtensions(v.configName, SupportedExts...)
+		}
+
+		finder = locafero.Finder{
+			Paths: v.configPaths,
+			Names: names,
+			Type:  locafero.FileTypeFile,
+		}
+	}
+
+	if finder != nil {
+		return v.findConfigFileWithFinder(finder)
+	}
+
+	return v.findConfigFileOld()
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) findConfigFileWithFinder(finder Finder) (string, error) {
+	results, err := finder.Find(v.fs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if len(results) == 0 {
+		return "", ConfigFileNotFoundError{v.configName, fmt.Sprintf("%s", v.configPaths)}
+	}
+
+	// We call clean on the final result to ensure that the path is in its canonical form.
+	// This is mostly for consistent path handling and to make sure tests pass.
+	return results[0], nil
+}
+
+// Search all configPaths for any config file.
+// Returns the first path that exists (and is a config file).
+func (v *Viper) findConfigFileOld() (string, error) {
+	v.logger.Info("searching for config in paths", "paths", v.configPaths)
+
+	for _, cp := range v.configPaths {
+		file := v.searchInPath(cp)
+		if file != "" {
+			return file, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return "", ConfigFileNotFoundError{v.configName, fmt.Sprintf("%s", v.configPaths)}
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) searchInPath(in string) (filename string) {
+	v.logger.Debug("searching for config in path", "path", in)
+	for _, ext := range SupportedExts {
+		v.logger.Debug("checking if file exists", "file", filepath.Join(in, v.configName+"."+ext))
+		if b, _ := exists(v.fs, filepath.Join(in, v.configName+"."+ext)); b {
+			v.logger.Debug("found file", "file", filepath.Join(in, v.configName+"."+ext))
+			return filepath.Join(in, v.configName+"."+ext)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if v.configType != "" {
+		if b, _ := exists(v.fs, filepath.Join(in, v.configName)); b {
+			return filepath.Join(in, v.configName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ""
+}
+
+// exists checks if file exists.
+func exists(fs afero.Fs, path string) (bool, error) {
+	stat, err := fs.Stat(path)
+	if err == nil {
+		return !stat.IsDir(), nil
+	}
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	return false, err
+}

finder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+)
+
+// WithFinder sets a custom [Finder].
+func WithFinder(f Finder) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		if f == nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		v.finder = f
+	})
+}
+
+// Finder looks for files and directories in an [afero.Fs] filesystem.
+type Finder interface {
+	Find(fsys afero.Fs) ([]string, error)
+}
+
+// Finders combines multiple finders into one.
+func Finders(finders ...Finder) Finder {
+	return &combinedFinder{finders: finders}
+}
+
+// combinedFinder is a Finder that combines multiple finders.
+type combinedFinder struct {
+	finders []Finder
+}
+
+// Find implements the [Finder] interface.
+func (c *combinedFinder) Find(fsys afero.Fs) ([]string, error) {
+	var results []string
+	var errs []error
+
+	for _, finder := range c.finders {
+		if finder == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		r, err := finder.Find(fsys)
+		if err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		results = append(results, r...)
+	}
+
+	return results, errors.Join(errs...)
+}

finder_example_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package viper_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero"
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/viper"
+)
+
+func ExampleFinder() {
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+
+	fs.Mkdir("/home/user", 0o777)
+
+	f, _ := fs.Create("/home/user/myapp.yaml")
+	f.WriteString("foo: bar")
+	f.Close()
+
+	// HCL will have a "lower" priority in the search order
+	fs.Create("/home/user/myapp.hcl")
+
+	finder := locafero.Finder{
+		Paths: []string{"/home/user"},
+		Names: locafero.NameWithExtensions("myapp", viper.SupportedExts...),
+		Type:  locafero.FileTypeFile, // This is important!
+	}
+
+	v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.WithFinder(finder))
+	v.SetFs(fs)
+	v.ReadInConfig()
+
+	fmt.Println(v.GetString("foo"))
+
+	// Output:
+	// bar
+}
+
+func ExampleFinders() {
+	fs := afero.NewMemMapFs()
+
+	fs.Mkdir("/home/user", 0o777)
+	f, _ := fs.Create("/home/user/myapp.yaml")
+	f.WriteString("foo: bar")
+	f.Close()
+
+	fs.Mkdir("/etc/myapp", 0o777)
+	fs.Create("/etc/myapp/config.yaml")
+
+	// Combine multiple finders to search for files in multiple locations with different criteria
+	finder := viper.Finders(
+		locafero.Finder{
+			Paths: []string{"/home/user"},
+			Names: locafero.NameWithExtensions("myapp", viper.SupportedExts...),
+			Type:  locafero.FileTypeFile, // This is important!
+		},
+		locafero.Finder{
+			Paths: []string{"/etc/myapp"},
+			Names: []string{"config.yaml"}, // Only accept YAML files in the system config directory
+			Type:  locafero.FileTypeFile,   // This is important!
+		},
+	)
+
+	v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.WithFinder(finder))
+	v.SetFs(fs)
+	v.ReadInConfig()
+
+	fmt.Println(v.GetString("foo"))
+
+	// Output:
+	// bar
+}

finder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/afero"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type finderStub struct {
+	results []string
+}
+
+func (f finderStub) Find(_ afero.Fs) ([]string, error) {
+	return f.results, nil
+}
+
+func TestFinders(t *testing.T) {
+	finder := Finders(
+		finderStub{
+			results: []string{
+				"/home/user/.viper.yaml",
+			},
+		},
+		finderStub{
+			results: []string{
+				"/etc/viper/config.yaml",
+			},
+		},
+	)
+
+	results, err := finder.Find(afero.NewMemMapFs())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected := []string{
+		"/home/user/.viper.yaml",
+		"/etc/viper/config.yaml",
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, results)
+}

flags.go

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ func (p pflagValueSet) VisitAll(fn func(flag FlagValue)) {
 	})
 }
 
-// pflagValue is a wrapper aroung *pflag.flag
+// pflagValue is a wrapper around *pflag.flag
-// that implements FlagValue
+// that implements FlagValue.
 type pflagValue struct {
 	flag *pflag.Flag
 }
 
-// HasChanges returns whether the flag has changes or not.
+// HasChanged returns whether the flag has changes or not.
 func (p pflagValue) HasChanged() bool {
 	return p.flag.Changed
 }

flags_test.go

@@ -5,18 +5,20 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestBindFlagValueSet(t *testing.T) {
+	Reset()
 	flagSet := pflag.NewFlagSet("test", pflag.ContinueOnError)
 
-	var testValues = map[string]*string{
+	testValues := map[string]*string{
 		"host":     nil,
 		"port":     nil,
 		"endpoint": nil,
 	}
 
-	var mutatedTestValues = map[string]string{
+	mutatedTestValues := map[string]string{
 		"host":     "localhost",
 		"port":     "6060",
 		"endpoint": "/public",
@@ -29,9 +31,7 @@ func TestBindFlagValueSet(t *testing.T) {
 	flagValueSet := pflagValueSet{flagSet}
 
 	err := BindFlagValues(flagValueSet)
-	if err != nil {
+	require.NoError(t, err, "error binding flag set")
-		t.Fatalf("error binding flag set, %v", err)
-	}
 
 	flagSet.VisitAll(func(flag *pflag.Flag) {
 		flag.Value.Set(mutatedTestValues[flag.Name])
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ func TestBindFlagValueSet(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	for name, expected := range mutatedTestValues {
-		assert.Equal(t, Get(name), expected)
+		assert.Equal(t, expected, Get(name))
 	}
 }
 
 func TestBindFlagValue(t *testing.T) {
-	var testString = "testing"
+	testString := "testing"
-	var testValue = newStringValue(testString, &testString)
+	testValue := newStringValue(testString, &testString)
 
 	flag := &pflag.Flag{
 		Name:    "testflag",
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestBindFlagValue(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, testString, Get("testvalue"))
 
 	flag.Value.Set("testing_mutate")
-	flag.Changed = true //hack for pflag usage
+	flag.Changed = true // hack for pflag usage
 
 	assert.Equal(t, "testing_mutate", Get("testvalue"))
 }

flake.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+{
+  "nodes": {
+    "cachix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "devenv": "devenv_2",
+        "flake-compat": [
+          "devenv",
+          "flake-compat"
+        ],
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "pre-commit-hooks": [
+          "devenv",
+          "pre-commit-hooks"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1712055811,
+        "narHash": "sha256-7FcfMm5A/f02yyzuavJe06zLa9hcMHsagE28ADcmQvk=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "cachix",
+        "rev": "02e38da89851ec7fec3356a5c04bc8349cae0e30",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "cachix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "devenv": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "cachix": "cachix",
+        "flake-compat": "flake-compat_2",
+        "nix": "nix_2",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_2",
+        "pre-commit-hooks": "pre-commit-hooks"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1724763216,
+        "narHash": "sha256-oW2bwCrJpIzibCNK6zfIDaIQw765yMAuMSG2gyZfGv0=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "rev": "1e4ef61205b9aa20fe04bf1c468b6a316281c4f1",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "devenv_2": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-compat": [
+          "devenv",
+          "cachix",
+          "flake-compat"
+        ],
+        "nix": "nix",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs",
+        "poetry2nix": "poetry2nix",
+        "pre-commit-hooks": [
+          "devenv",
+          "cachix",
+          "pre-commit-hooks"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1708704632,
+        "narHash": "sha256-w+dOIW60FKMaHI1q5714CSibk99JfYxm0CzTinYWr+Q=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "rev": "2ee4450b0f4b95a1b90f2eb5ffea98b90e48c196",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "ref": "python-rewrite",
+        "repo": "devenv",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-compat": {
+      "flake": false,
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1673956053,
+        "narHash": "sha256-4gtG9iQuiKITOjNQQeQIpoIB6b16fm+504Ch3sNKLd8=",
+        "owner": "edolstra",
+        "repo": "flake-compat",
+        "rev": "35bb57c0c8d8b62bbfd284272c928ceb64ddbde9",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "edolstra",
+        "repo": "flake-compat",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-compat_2": {
+      "flake": false,
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1696426674,
+        "narHash": "sha256-kvjfFW7WAETZlt09AgDn1MrtKzP7t90Vf7vypd3OL1U=",
+        "owner": "edolstra",
+        "repo": "flake-compat",
+        "rev": "0f9255e01c2351cc7d116c072cb317785dd33b33",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "edolstra",
+        "repo": "flake-compat",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-parts": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs-lib": "nixpkgs-lib"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1722555600,
+        "narHash": "sha256-XOQkdLafnb/p9ij77byFQjDf5m5QYl9b2REiVClC+x4=",
+        "owner": "hercules-ci",
+        "repo": "flake-parts",
+        "rev": "8471fe90ad337a8074e957b69ca4d0089218391d",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "hercules-ci",
+        "repo": "flake-parts",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-utils": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "systems": "systems"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1689068808,
+        "narHash": "sha256-6ixXo3wt24N/melDWjq70UuHQLxGV8jZvooRanIHXw0=",
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "rev": "919d646de7be200f3bf08cb76ae1f09402b6f9b4",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-utils_2": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "systems": "systems_2"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1710146030,
+        "narHash": "sha256-SZ5L6eA7HJ/nmkzGG7/ISclqe6oZdOZTNoesiInkXPQ=",
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "rev": "b1d9ab70662946ef0850d488da1c9019f3a9752a",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "gitignore": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "pre-commit-hooks",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1709087332,
+        "narHash": "sha256-HG2cCnktfHsKV0s4XW83gU3F57gaTljL9KNSuG6bnQs=",
+        "owner": "hercules-ci",
+        "repo": "gitignore.nix",
+        "rev": "637db329424fd7e46cf4185293b9cc8c88c95394",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "hercules-ci",
+        "repo": "gitignore.nix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-compat": "flake-compat",
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "cachix",
+          "devenv",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "nixpkgs-regression": "nixpkgs-regression"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1712911606,
+        "narHash": "sha256-BGvBhepCufsjcUkXnEEXhEVjwdJAwPglCC2+bInc794=",
+        "owner": "domenkozar",
+        "repo": "nix",
+        "rev": "b24a9318ea3f3600c1e24b4a00691ee912d4de12",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "domenkozar",
+        "ref": "devenv-2.21",
+        "repo": "nix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nix-github-actions": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "cachix",
+          "devenv",
+          "poetry2nix",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1688870561,
+        "narHash": "sha256-4UYkifnPEw1nAzqqPOTL2MvWtm3sNGw1UTYTalkTcGY=",
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "nix-github-actions",
+        "rev": "165b1650b753316aa7f1787f3005a8d2da0f5301",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "nix-github-actions",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nix_2": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-compat": [
+          "devenv",
+          "flake-compat"
+        ],
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "nixpkgs-regression": "nixpkgs-regression_2"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1712911606,
+        "narHash": "sha256-BGvBhepCufsjcUkXnEEXhEVjwdJAwPglCC2+bInc794=",
+        "owner": "domenkozar",
+        "repo": "nix",
+        "rev": "b24a9318ea3f3600c1e24b4a00691ee912d4de12",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "domenkozar",
+        "ref": "devenv-2.21",
+        "repo": "nix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1692808169,
+        "narHash": "sha256-x9Opq06rIiwdwGeK2Ykj69dNc2IvUH1fY55Wm7atwrE=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "9201b5ff357e781bf014d0330d18555695df7ba8",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs-lib": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1722555339,
+        "narHash": "sha256-uFf2QeW7eAHlYXuDktm9c25OxOyCoUOQmh5SZ9amE5Q=",
+        "type": "tarball",
+        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/a5d394176e64ab29c852d03346c1fc9b0b7d33eb.tar.gz"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "type": "tarball",
+        "url": "https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/a5d394176e64ab29c852d03346c1fc9b0b7d33eb.tar.gz"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs-regression": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1643052045,
+        "narHash": "sha256-uGJ0VXIhWKGXxkeNnq4TvV3CIOkUJ3PAoLZ3HMzNVMw=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "215d4d0fd80ca5163643b03a33fde804a29cc1e2",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "215d4d0fd80ca5163643b03a33fde804a29cc1e2",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs-regression_2": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1643052045,
+        "narHash": "sha256-uGJ0VXIhWKGXxkeNnq4TvV3CIOkUJ3PAoLZ3HMzNVMw=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "215d4d0fd80ca5163643b03a33fde804a29cc1e2",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "215d4d0fd80ca5163643b03a33fde804a29cc1e2",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs-stable": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1710695816,
+        "narHash": "sha256-3Eh7fhEID17pv9ZxrPwCLfqXnYP006RKzSs0JptsN84=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "614b4613980a522ba49f0d194531beddbb7220d3",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixos-23.11",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs_2": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1713361204,
+        "narHash": "sha256-TA6EDunWTkc5FvDCqU3W2T3SFn0gRZqh6D/hJnM02MM=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "285676e87ad9f0ca23d8714a6ab61e7e027020c6",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "ref": "rolling",
+        "repo": "devenv-nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs_3": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1724748588,
+        "narHash": "sha256-NlpGA4+AIf1dKNq76ps90rxowlFXUsV9x7vK/mN37JM=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "a6292e34000dc93d43bccf78338770c1c5ec8a99",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "poetry2nix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-utils": "flake-utils",
+        "nix-github-actions": "nix-github-actions",
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "cachix",
+          "devenv",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1692876271,
+        "narHash": "sha256-IXfZEkI0Mal5y1jr6IRWMqK8GW2/f28xJenZIPQqkY0=",
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "poetry2nix",
+        "rev": "d5006be9c2c2417dafb2e2e5034d83fabd207ee3",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "poetry2nix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "pre-commit-hooks": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "flake-compat": [
+          "devenv",
+          "flake-compat"
+        ],
+        "flake-utils": "flake-utils_2",
+        "gitignore": "gitignore",
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "devenv",
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "nixpkgs-stable": "nixpkgs-stable"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1713775815,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Wu9cdYTnGQQwtT20QQMg7jzkANKQjwBD9iccfGKkfls=",
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "pre-commit-hooks.nix",
+        "rev": "2ac4dcbf55ed43f3be0bae15e181f08a57af24a4",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "cachix",
+        "repo": "pre-commit-hooks.nix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "root": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "devenv": "devenv",
+        "flake-parts": "flake-parts",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs_3"
+      }
+    },
+    "systems": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1681028828,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Vy1rq5AaRuLzOxct8nz4T6wlgyUR7zLU309k9mBC768=",
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "rev": "da67096a3b9bf56a91d16901293e51ba5b49a27e",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "systems_2": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1681028828,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Vy1rq5AaRuLzOxct8nz4T6wlgyUR7zLU309k9mBC768=",
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "rev": "da67096a3b9bf56a91d16901293e51ba5b49a27e",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "root": "root",
+  "version": 7
+}

flake.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+{
+  description = "Viper";
+
+  inputs = {
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
+    flake-parts.url = "github:hercules-ci/flake-parts";
+    devenv.url = "github:cachix/devenv";
+  };
+
+  outputs = inputs@{ flake-parts, ... }:
+    flake-parts.lib.mkFlake { inherit inputs; } {
+      imports = [
+        inputs.devenv.flakeModule
+      ];
+
+      systems = [ "x86_64-linux" "x86_64-darwin" "aarch64-darwin" ];
+
+      perSystem = { config, self', inputs', pkgs, system, ... }: rec {
+        devenv.shells = {
+          default = {
+            languages = {
+              go.enable = true;
+              go.package = pkgs.go_1_23;
+            };
+
+            pre-commit.hooks = {
+              nixpkgs-fmt.enable = true;
+              yamllint.enable = true;
+            };
+
+            packages = with pkgs; [
+              gnumake
+
+              golangci-lint
+              yamllint
+            ];
+
+            scripts = {
+              versions.exec = ''
+                go version
+                golangci-lint version
+              '';
+            };
+
+            enterShell = ''
+              versions
+            '';
+
+            # https://github.com/cachix/devenv/issues/528#issuecomment-1556108767
+            containers = pkgs.lib.mkForce { };
+          };
+
+          ci = devenv.shells.default;
+        };
+      };
+    };
+}

go.mod

@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 module github.com/spf13/viper
 
+go 1.21.0
+
 require (
-	github.com/armon/consul-api v0.0.0-20180202201655-eb2c6b5be1b6 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0
-	github.com/coreos/etcd v3.3.10+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.2.1
-	github.com/coreos/go-etcd v2.0.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3
-	github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0
-	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.4.7
+	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0
-	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.0
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.1.2
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml v1.2.0
+	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0
-	github.com/spf13/afero v1.1.2
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	github.com/spf13/cast v1.3.0
+)
-	github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman v1.0.0
+
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.3
+require (
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v0.0.0-20181204163529-d75b2dcb6bc8 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/xordataexchange/crypt v0.0.3-0.20170626215501-b2862e3d0a77
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20181203042331-505ab145d0a9 // indirect
+	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181205085412-a5c9d58dba9a // indirect
+	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,35 +1,50 @@
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internal/encoding/dotenv/codec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package dotenv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/subosito/gotenv"
+)
+
+const keyDelimiter = "_"
+
+// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for encoding data containing environment variables
+// (commonly called as dotenv format).
+type Codec struct{}
+
+func (Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	flattened := map[string]any{}
+
+	flattened = flattenAndMergeMap(flattened, v, "", keyDelimiter)
+
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(flattened))
+
+	for key := range flattened {
+		keys = append(keys, key)
+	}
+
+	sort.Strings(keys)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	for _, key := range keys {
+		_, err := buf.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%v=%v\n", strings.ToUpper(key), flattened[key]))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+func (Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	_, err := buf.Write(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	env, err := gotenv.StrictParse(&buf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for key, value := range env {
+		v[key] = value
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

internal/encoding/dotenv/codec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package dotenv
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// original form of the data.
+const original = `# key-value pair
+KEY=value
+`
+
+// encoded form of the data.
+const encoded = `KEY=value
+`
+
+// data is Viper's internal representation.
+var data = map[string]any{
+	"KEY": "value",
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	codec := Codec{}
+
+	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, data, v)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
+	})
+}

internal/encoding/dotenv/map_utils.go

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package dotenv
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cast"
+)
+
+// flattenAndMergeMap recursively flattens the given map into a new map
+// Code is based on the function with the same name in the main package.
+// TODO: move it to a common place.
+func flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m map[string]any, prefix, delimiter string) map[string]any {
+	if shadow != nil && prefix != "" && shadow[prefix] != nil {
+		// prefix is shadowed => nothing more to flatten
+		return shadow
+	}
+	if shadow == nil {
+		shadow = make(map[string]any)
+	}
+
+	var m2 map[string]any
+	if prefix != "" {
+		prefix += delimiter
+	}
+	for k, val := range m {
+		fullKey := prefix + k
+		switch val := val.(type) {
+		case map[string]any:
+			m2 = val
+		case map[any]any:
+			m2 = cast.ToStringMap(val)
+		default:
+			// immediate value
+			shadow[strings.ToLower(fullKey)] = val
+			continue
+		}
+		// recursively merge to shadow map
+		shadow = flattenAndMergeMap(shadow, m2, fullKey, delimiter)
+	}
+	return shadow
+}

internal/encoding/json/codec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package json
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+)
+
+// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for JSON encoding.
+type Codec struct{}
+
+func (Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	// TODO: expose prefix and indent in the Codec as setting?
+	return json.MarshalIndent(v, "", "  ")
+}
+
+func (Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(b, &v)
+}

internal/encoding/json/codec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package json
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// encoded form of the data.
+const encoded = `{
+  "key": "value",
+  "list": [
+    "item1",
+    "item2",
+    "item3"
+  ],
+  "map": {
+    "key": "value"
+  },
+  "nested_map": {
+    "map": {
+      "key": "value",
+      "list": [
+        "item1",
+        "item2",
+        "item3"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}`
+
+// data is Viper's internal representation.
+var data = map[string]any{
+	"key": "value",
+	"list": []any{
+		"item1",
+		"item2",
+		"item3",
+	},
+	"map": map[string]any{
+		"key": "value",
+	},
+	"nested_map": map[string]any{
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"key": "value",
+			"list": []any{
+				"item1",
+				"item2",
+				"item3",
+			},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	codec := Codec{}
+
+	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(encoded), v)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, data, v)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
+	})
+}

internal/encoding/toml/codec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2"
+)
+
+// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for TOML encoding.
+type Codec struct{}
+
+func (Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return toml.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
+	return toml.Unmarshal(b, &v)
+}

internal/encoding/toml/codec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// original form of the data.
+const original = `# key-value pair
+key = "value"
+list = ["item1", "item2", "item3"]
+
+[map]
+key = "value"
+
+# nested
+# map
+[nested_map]
+[nested_map.map]
+key = "value"
+list = [
+  "item1",
+  "item2",
+  "item3",
+]
+`
+
+// encoded form of the data.
+const encoded = `key = 'value'
+list = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3']
+
+[map]
+key = 'value'
+
+[nested_map]
+[nested_map.map]
+key = 'value'
+list = ['item1', 'item2', 'item3']
+`
+
+// data is Viper's internal representation.
+var data = map[string]any{
+	"key": "value",
+	"list": []any{
+		"item1",
+		"item2",
+		"item3",
+	},
+	"map": map[string]any{
+		"key": "value",
+	},
+	"nested_map": map[string]any{
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"key": "value",
+			"list": []any{
+				"item1",
+				"item2",
+				"item3",
+			},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	codec := Codec{}
+
+	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, data, v)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
+	})
+}

internal/encoding/yaml/codec.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package yaml
+
+import "gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+
+// Codec implements the encoding.Encoder and encoding.Decoder interfaces for YAML encoding.
+type Codec struct{}
+
+func (Codec) Encode(v map[string]any) ([]byte, error) {
+	return yaml.Marshal(v)
+}
+
+func (Codec) Decode(b []byte, v map[string]any) error {
+	return yaml.Unmarshal(b, &v)
+}

internal/encoding/yaml/codec_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package yaml
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// original form of the data.
+const original = `# key-value pair
+key: value
+list:
+    - item1
+    - item2
+    - item3
+map:
+    key: value
+
+# nested
+# map
+nested_map:
+    map:
+        key: value
+        list:
+            - item1
+            - item2
+            - item3
+`
+
+// encoded form of the data.
+const encoded = `key: value
+list:
+    - item1
+    - item2
+    - item3
+map:
+    key: value
+nested_map:
+    map:
+        key: value
+        list:
+            - item1
+            - item2
+            - item3
+`
+
+// decoded form of the data.
+//
+// In case of YAML it's slightly different from Viper's internal representation
+// (e.g. map is decoded into a map with interface key).
+var decoded = map[string]any{
+	"key": "value",
+	"list": []any{
+		"item1",
+		"item2",
+		"item3",
+	},
+	"map": map[string]any{
+		"key": "value",
+	},
+	"nested_map": map[string]any{
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"key": "value",
+			"list": []any{
+				"item1",
+				"item2",
+				"item3",
+			},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+// data is Viper's internal representation.
+var data = map[string]any{
+	"key": "value",
+	"list": []any{
+		"item1",
+		"item2",
+		"item3",
+	},
+	"map": map[string]any{
+		"key": "value",
+	},
+	"nested_map": map[string]any{
+		"map": map[string]any{
+			"key": "value",
+			"list": []any{
+				"item1",
+				"item2",
+				"item3",
+			},
+		},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Encode(t *testing.T) {
+	codec := Codec{}
+
+	b, err := codec.Encode(data)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, encoded, string(b))
+}
+
+func TestCodec_Decode(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("OK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(original), v)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, decoded, v)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("InvalidData", func(t *testing.T) {
+		codec := Codec{}
+
+		v := map[string]any{}
+
+		err := codec.Decode([]byte(`invalid data`), v)
+		require.Error(t, err)
+
+		t.Logf("decoding failed as expected: %s", err)
+	})
+}

internal/features/bind_struct.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//go:build viper_bind_struct
+
+package features
+
+const BindStruct = true

internal/features/bind_struct_default.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//go:build !viper_bind_struct
+
+package features
+
+const BindStruct = false

internal/features/finder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//go:build viper_finder
+
+package features
+
+const Finder = true

internal/features/finder_default.go

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//go:build !viper_finder
+
+package features
+
+const Finder = false

internal/testutil/filepath.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package testutil
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// AbsFilePath calls filepath.Abs on path.
+func AbsFilePath(t *testing.T, path string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	s, err := filepath.Abs(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	return s
+}

logger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+)
+
+// WithLogger sets a custom logger.
+func WithLogger(l *slog.Logger) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(v *Viper) {
+		v.logger = l
+	})
+}
+
+type discardHandler struct{}
+
+func (n *discardHandler) Enabled(_ context.Context, _ slog.Level) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (n *discardHandler) Handle(_ context.Context, _ slog.Record) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (n *discardHandler) WithAttrs(_ []slog.Attr) slog.Handler {
+	return n
+}
+
+func (n *discardHandler) WithGroup(_ string) slog.Handler {
+	return n
+}

overrides_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package viper
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -46,11 +45,11 @@ func TestNestedOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 	deepCheckValue(assert, v, overrideLayer, []string{"tom", "size"}, 4)
 
 	// Case 4: key:value overridden by a map
-	v = overrideDefault(assert, "tom.size", 4, "tom", map[string]interface{}{"age": 10}) // "tom.size" is first given "4" as default value, then "tom" is overridden by map{"age":10}
+	v = overrideDefault(assert, "tom.size", 4, "tom", map[string]any{"age": 10}) // "tom.size" is first given "4" as default value, then "tom" is overridden by map{"age":10}
-	assert.Equal(4, v.Get("tom.size"))                                                   // "tom.size" should still be reachable
+	assert.Equal(4, v.Get("tom.size"))                                           // "tom.size" should still be reachable
-	assert.Equal(10, v.Get("tom.age"))                                                   // new value should be there
+	assert.Equal(10, v.Get("tom.age"))                                           // new value should be there
-	deepCheckValue(assert, v, overrideLayer, []string{"tom", "age"}, 10)                 // new value should be there
+	deepCheckValue(assert, v, overrideLayer, []string{"tom", "age"}, 10)         // new value should be there
-	v = override(assert, "tom.size", 4, "tom", map[string]interface{}{"age": 10})
+	v = override(assert, "tom.size", 4, "tom", map[string]any{"age": 10})
 	assert.Nil(v.Get("tom.size"))
 	assert.Equal(10, v.Get("tom.age"))
 	deepCheckValue(assert, v, overrideLayer, []string{"tom", "age"}, 10)
@@ -75,10 +74,11 @@ func TestNestedOverrides(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func overrideDefault(assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue interface{}, secondPath string, secondValue interface{}) *Viper {
+func overrideDefault(assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue any, secondPath string, secondValue any) *Viper {
 	return overrideFromLayer(defaultLayer, assert, firstPath, firstValue, secondPath, secondValue)
 }
-func override(assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue interface{}, secondPath string, secondValue interface{}) *Viper {
+
+func override(assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue any, secondPath string, secondValue any) *Viper {
 	return overrideFromLayer(overrideLayer, assert, firstPath, firstValue, secondPath, secondValue)
 }
 
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ func override(assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue interface{
 //
 // After each assignment, the value is checked, retrieved both by its full path
 // and by its key sequence (successive maps).
-func overrideFromLayer(l layer, assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue interface{}, secondPath string, secondValue interface{}) *Viper {
+func overrideFromLayer(l layer, assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, firstValue any, secondPath string, secondValue any) *Viper {
 	v := New()
 	firstKeys := strings.Split(firstPath, v.keyDelim)
 	if assert == nil ||
-		len(firstKeys) == 0 || len(firstKeys[0]) == 0 {
+		len(firstKeys) == 0 || firstKeys[0] == "" {
 		return v
 	}
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func overrideFromLayer(l layer, assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, fir
 
 	// Override and check new value
 	secondKeys := strings.Split(secondPath, v.keyDelim)
-	if len(secondKeys) == 0 || len(secondKeys[0]) == 0 {
+	if len(secondKeys) == 0 || secondKeys[0] == "" {
 		return v
 	}
 	v.Set(secondPath, secondValue)
@@ -126,15 +126,15 @@ func overrideFromLayer(l layer, assert *assert.Assertions, firstPath string, fir
 }
 
 // deepCheckValue checks that all given keys correspond to a valid path in the
-// configuration map of the given layer, and that the final value equals the one given
+// configuration map of the given layer, and that the final value equals the one given.
-func deepCheckValue(assert *assert.Assertions, v *Viper, l layer, keys []string, value interface{}) {
+func deepCheckValue(assert *assert.Assertions, v *Viper, l layer, keys []string, value any) {
 	if assert == nil || v == nil ||
-		len(keys) == 0 || len(keys[0]) == 0 {
+		len(keys) == 0 || keys[0] == "" {
 		return
 	}
 
 	// init
-	var val interface{}
+	var val any
 	var ms string
 	switch l {
 	case defaultLayer:
@@ -146,28 +146,25 @@ func deepCheckValue(assert *assert.Assertions, v *Viper, l layer, keys []string,
 	}
 
 	// loop through map
-	var m map[string]interface{}
+	var m map[string]any
-	err := false
 	for _, k := range keys {
 		if val == nil {
-			assert.Fail(fmt.Sprintf("%s is not a map[string]interface{}", ms))
+			assert.Failf("%s is not a map[string]any", ms)
 			return
 		}
 
 		// deep scan of the map to get the final value
-		switch val.(type) {
+		switch val := val.(type) {
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+		case map[any]any:
 			m = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-		case map[string]interface{}:
+		case map[string]any:
-			m = val.(map[string]interface{})
+			m = val
 		default:
-			assert.Fail(fmt.Sprintf("%s is not a map[string]interface{}", ms))
+			assert.Failf("%s is not a map[string]any", ms)
 			return
 		}
 		ms = ms + "[\"" + k + "\"]"
 		val = m[k]
 	}
-	if !err {
+	assert.Equal(value, val)
-		assert.Equal(value, val)
-	}
 }

remote.go

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+package viper
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"slices"
+)
+
+// SupportedRemoteProviders are universally supported remote providers.
+var SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
+
+func resetRemote() {
+	SupportedRemoteProviders = []string{"etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore", "nats"}
+}
+
+type remoteConfigFactory interface {
+	Get(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
+	Watch(rp RemoteProvider) (io.Reader, error)
+	WatchChannel(rp RemoteProvider) (<-chan *RemoteResponse, chan bool)
+}
+
+type RemoteResponse struct {
+	Value []byte
+	Error error
+}
+
+// RemoteConfig is optional, see the remote package.
+var RemoteConfig remoteConfigFactory
+
+// UnsupportedRemoteProviderError denotes encountering an unsupported remote
+// provider. Currently only etcd and Consul are supported.
+type UnsupportedRemoteProviderError string
+
+// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
+func (str UnsupportedRemoteProviderError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported Remote Provider Type %q", string(str))
+}
+
+// RemoteConfigError denotes encountering an error while trying to
+// pull the configuration from the remote provider.
+type RemoteConfigError string
+
+// Error returns the formatted remote provider error.
+func (rce RemoteConfigError) Error() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Remote Configurations Error: %s", string(rce))
+}
+
+type defaultRemoteProvider struct {
+	provider      string
+	endpoint      string
+	path          string
+	secretKeyring string
+}
+
+func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Provider() string {
+	return rp.provider
+}
+
+func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Endpoint() string {
+	return rp.endpoint
+}
+
+func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) Path() string {
+	return rp.path
+}
+
+func (rp defaultRemoteProvider) SecretKeyring() string {
+	return rp.secretKeyring
+}
+
+// RemoteProvider stores the configuration necessary
+// to connect to a remote key/value store.
+// Optional secretKeyring to unencrypt encrypted values
+// can be provided.
+type RemoteProvider interface {
+	Provider() string
+	Endpoint() string
+	Path() string
+	SecretKeyring() string
+}
+
+// AddRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
+// Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
+// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
+// endpoint is the url.  etcd requires http://ip:port, consul requires ip:port, nats requires nats://ip:port
+// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
+// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
+// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
+// "myapp".
+func AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
+	return v.AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path)
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) AddRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path string) error {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedRemoteProviders, provider) {
+		return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
+	}
+	if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
+		v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
+
+		rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
+			endpoint: endpoint,
+			provider: provider,
+			path:     path,
+		}
+		if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
+			v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AddSecureRemoteProvider adds a remote configuration source.
+// Secure Remote Providers are searched in the order they are added.
+// provider is a string value: "etcd", "etcd3", "consul", "firestore" or "nats" are currently supported.
+// endpoint is the url.  etcd requires http://ip:port  consul requires ip:port
+// secretkeyring is the filepath to your openpgp secret keyring.  e.g. /etc/secrets/myring.gpg
+// path is the path in the k/v store to retrieve configuration
+// To retrieve a config file called myapp.json from /configs/myapp.json
+// you should set path to /configs and set config name (SetConfigName()) to
+// "myapp".
+// Secure Remote Providers are implemented with github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt.
+func AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
+	return v.AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring)
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) AddSecureRemoteProvider(provider, endpoint, path, secretkeyring string) error {
+	if !slices.Contains(SupportedRemoteProviders, provider) {
+		return UnsupportedRemoteProviderError(provider)
+	}
+	if provider != "" && endpoint != "" {
+		v.logger.Info("adding remote provider", "provider", provider, "endpoint", endpoint)
+
+		rp := &defaultRemoteProvider{
+			endpoint:      endpoint,
+			provider:      provider,
+			path:          path,
+			secretKeyring: secretkeyring,
+		}
+		if !v.providerPathExists(rp) {
+			v.remoteProviders = append(v.remoteProviders, rp)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) providerPathExists(p *defaultRemoteProvider) bool {
+	for _, y := range v.remoteProviders {
+		if reflect.DeepEqual(y, p) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// ReadRemoteConfig attempts to get configuration from a remote source
+// and read it in the remote configuration registry.
+func ReadRemoteConfig() error { return v.ReadRemoteConfig() }
+
+func (v *Viper) ReadRemoteConfig() error {
+	return v.getKeyValueConfig()
+}
+
+func WatchRemoteConfig() error { return v.WatchRemoteConfig() }
+func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfig() error {
+	return v.watchKeyValueConfig()
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) WatchRemoteConfigOnChannel() error {
+	return v.watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel()
+}
+
+// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
+func (v *Viper) getKeyValueConfig() error {
+	if RemoteConfig == nil {
+		return RemoteConfigError("Enable the remote features by doing a blank import of the viper/remote package: '_ github.com/spf13/viper/remote'")
+	}
+
+	if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
+		return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
+	}
+
+	for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
+		val, err := v.getRemoteConfig(rp)
+		if err != nil {
+			v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("get remote config: %w", err).Error())
+
+			continue
+		}
+
+		v.kvstore = val
+
+		return nil
+	}
+	return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) getRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
+	reader, err := RemoteConfig.Get(provider)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
+	return v.kvstore, err
+}
+
+// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
+func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfigOnChannel() error {
+	if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
+		return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
+	}
+
+	for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
+		respc, _ := RemoteConfig.WatchChannel(rp)
+		// Todo: Add quit channel
+		go func(rc <-chan *RemoteResponse) {
+			for {
+				b := <-rc
+				reader := bytes.NewReader(b.Value)
+				v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
+			}
+		}(respc)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
+}
+
+// Retrieve the first found remote configuration.
+func (v *Viper) watchKeyValueConfig() error {
+	if len(v.remoteProviders) == 0 {
+		return RemoteConfigError("No Remote Providers")
+	}
+
+	for _, rp := range v.remoteProviders {
+		val, err := v.watchRemoteConfig(rp)
+		if err != nil {
+			v.logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("watch remote config: %w", err).Error())
+
+			continue
+		}
+		v.kvstore = val
+		return nil
+	}
+	return RemoteConfigError("No Files Found")
+}
+
+func (v *Viper) watchRemoteConfig(provider RemoteProvider) (map[string]any, error) {
+	reader, err := RemoteConfig.Watch(provider)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	err = v.unmarshalReader(reader, v.kvstore)
+	return v.kvstore, err
+}

remote/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+module github.com/spf13/viper/remote
+
+go 1.21.0
+
+replace github.com/spf13/viper => ../
+
+require (
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt v0.26.0
+	github.com/spf13/viper v1.20.0-alpha.6
+)
+
+require (
+	cloud.google.com/go v0.115.1 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.9.3 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.4 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/firestore v1.16.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-semver v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-viper/mapstructure/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
+	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.8 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.4 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.13.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.29.4 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-immutable-radix v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-rootcerts v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru v0.5.4 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/serf v0.10.1 // indirect
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nats.go v1.37.0 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nkeys v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/nats-io/nuid v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/sagikazarmark/locafero v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/sourcegraph/conc v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/afero v1.11.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.6.0 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3 v3.5.15 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/pkg/v3 v3.5.15 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v2 v2.305.15 // indirect
+	go.etcd.io/etcd/client/v3 v3.5.15 // indirect
+	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.54.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.29.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.29.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.29.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/atomic v1.9.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/multierr v1.9.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/zap v1.21.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.27.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230817173708-d852ddb80c63 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.18.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.6.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/api v0.197.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240827150818-7e3bb234dfed // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.66.2 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+)

remote/go.sum

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+golang.org/x/tools v0.1.5/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
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+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
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+google.golang.org/api v0.197.0 h1:x6CwqQLsFiA5JKAiGyGBjc2bNtHtLddhJCE2IKuhhcQ=
+google.golang.org/api v0.197.0/go.mod h1:AuOuo20GoQ331nq7DquGHlU6d+2wN2fZ8O0ta60nRNw=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 h1:BulPr26Jqjnd4eYDVe+YvyR7Yc2vJGkO5/0UxD0/jZU=
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+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240827150818-7e3bb234dfed h1:3RgNmBoI9MZhsj3QxC+AP/qQhNwpCLOvYDYYsFrhFt0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240827150818-7e3bb234dfed/go.mod h1:OCdP9MfskevB/rbYvHTsXTtKC+3bHWajPdoKgjcYkfo=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240903143218-8af14fe29dc1 h1:pPJltXNxVzT4pK9yD8vR9X75DaWYYmLGMsEvBfFQZzQ=
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+google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyacEbxg=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.66.2 h1:3QdXkuq3Bkh7w+ywLdLvM56cmGvQHUMZpiCzt6Rqaoo=
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+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=

remote/remote.go

@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	crypt "github.com/sagikazarmark/crypt/config"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/viper"
-	crypt "github.com/xordataexchange/crypt/config"
 )
 
 type remoteConfigProvider struct{}
@@ -63,9 +65,7 @@ func (rc remoteConfigProvider) WatchChannel(rp viper.RemoteProvider) (<-chan *vi
 					Error: resp.Error,
 					Value: resp.Value,
 				}
-
 			}
-
 		}
 	}(cryptoResponseCh, viperResponsCh, quitwc, quit)
 
@@ -76,22 +76,38 @@ func getConfigManager(rp viper.RemoteProvider) (crypt.ConfigManager, error) {
 	var cm crypt.ConfigManager
 	var err error
 
+	endpoints := strings.Split(rp.Endpoint(), ";")
 	if rp.SecretKeyring() != "" {
-		kr, err := os.Open(rp.SecretKeyring())
+		var kr *os.File
-		defer kr.Close()
+		kr, err = os.Open(rp.SecretKeyring())
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
-		if rp.Provider() == "etcd" {
+		defer kr.Close()
-			cm, err = crypt.NewEtcdConfigManager([]string{rp.Endpoint()}, kr)
+		switch rp.Provider() {
-		} else {
+		case "etcd":
-			cm, err = crypt.NewConsulConfigManager([]string{rp.Endpoint()}, kr)
+			cm, err = crypt.NewEtcdConfigManager(endpoints, kr)
+		case "etcd3":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewEtcdV3ConfigManager(endpoints, kr)
+		case "firestore":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewFirestoreConfigManager(endpoints, kr)
+		case "nats":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewNatsConfigManager(endpoints, kr)
+		default:
+			cm, err = crypt.NewConsulConfigManager(endpoints, kr)
 		}
 	} else {
-		if rp.Provider() == "etcd" {
+		switch rp.Provider() {
-			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardEtcdConfigManager([]string{rp.Endpoint()})
+		case "etcd":
-		} else {
+			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardEtcdConfigManager(endpoints)
-			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardConsulConfigManager([]string{rp.Endpoint()})
+		case "etcd3":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardEtcdV3ConfigManager(endpoints)
+		case "firestore":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardFirestoreConfigManager(endpoints)
+		case "nats":
+			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardNatsConfigManager(endpoints)
+		default:
+			cm, err = crypt.NewStandardConsulConfigManager(endpoints)
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {

util.go

@@ -12,15 +12,14 @@ package viper
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode"
 
-	"github.com/spf13/afero"
 	"github.com/spf13/cast"
-	jww "github.com/spf13/jwalterweatherman"
 )
 
 // ConfigParseError denotes failing to parse configuration file.
@@ -33,13 +32,18 @@ func (pe ConfigParseError) Error() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("While parsing config: %s", pe.err.Error())
 }
 
+// Unwrap returns the wrapped error.
+func (pe ConfigParseError) Unwrap() error {
+	return pe.err
+}
+
 // toCaseInsensitiveValue checks if the value is a  map;
 // if so, create a copy and lower-case the keys recursively.
-func toCaseInsensitiveValue(value interface{}) interface{} {
+func toCaseInsensitiveValue(value any) any {
 	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+	case map[any]any:
 		value = copyAndInsensitiviseMap(cast.ToStringMap(v))
-	case map[string]interface{}:
+	case map[string]any:
 		value = copyAndInsensitiviseMap(v)
 	}
 
@@ -48,15 +52,15 @@ func toCaseInsensitiveValue(value interface{}) interface{} {
 
 // copyAndInsensitiviseMap behaves like insensitiviseMap, but creates a copy of
 // any map it makes case insensitive.
-func copyAndInsensitiviseMap(m map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
+func copyAndInsensitiviseMap(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
-	nm := make(map[string]interface{})
+	nm := make(map[string]any)
 
 	for key, val := range m {
 		lkey := strings.ToLower(key)
 		switch v := val.(type) {
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+		case map[any]any:
 			nm[lkey] = copyAndInsensitiviseMap(cast.ToStringMap(v))
-		case map[string]interface{}:
+		case map[string]any:
 			nm[lkey] = copyAndInsensitiviseMap(v)
 		default:
 			nm[lkey] = v
@@ -66,18 +70,25 @@ func copyAndInsensitiviseMap(m map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
 	return nm
 }
 
-func insensitiviseMap(m map[string]interface{}) {
+func insensitiviseVal(val any) any {
-	for key, val := range m {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
-		switch val.(type) {
+	case map[any]any:
-		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
+		// nested map: cast and recursively insensitivise
-			// nested map: cast and recursively insensitivise
+		val = cast.ToStringMap(val)
-			val = cast.ToStringMap(val)
+		insensitiviseMap(val.(map[string]any))
-			insensitiviseMap(val.(map[string]interface{}))
+	case map[string]any:
-		case map[string]interface{}:
+		// nested map: recursively insensitivise
-			// nested map: recursively insensitivise
+		insensitiviseMap(v)
-			insensitiviseMap(val.(map[string]interface{}))
+	case []any:
-		}
+		// nested array: recursively insensitivise
+		insensitiveArray(v)
+	}
+	return val
+}
 
+func insensitiviseMap(m map[string]any) {
+	for key, val := range m {
+		val = insensitiviseVal(val)
 		lower := strings.ToLower(key)
 		if key != lower {
 			// remove old key (not lower-cased)
@@ -88,17 +99,20 @@ func insensitiviseMap(m map[string]interface{}) {
 	}
 }
 
-func absPathify(inPath string) string {
+func insensitiveArray(a []any) {
-	jww.INFO.Println("Trying to resolve absolute path to", inPath)
+	for i, val := range a {
+		a[i] = insensitiviseVal(val)
+	}
+}
 
-	if strings.HasPrefix(inPath, "$HOME") {
+func absPathify(logger *slog.Logger, inPath string) string {
+	logger.Info("trying to resolve absolute path", "path", inPath)
+
+	if inPath == "$HOME" || strings.HasPrefix(inPath, "$HOME"+string(os.PathSeparator)) {
 		inPath = userHomeDir() + inPath[5:]
 	}
 
-	if strings.HasPrefix(inPath, "$") {
+	inPath = os.ExpandEnv(inPath)
-		end := strings.Index(inPath, string(os.PathSeparator))
-		inPath = os.Getenv(inPath[1:end]) + inPath[end:]
-	}
 
 	if filepath.IsAbs(inPath) {
 		return filepath.Clean(inPath)
@@ -109,32 +123,11 @@ func absPathify(inPath string) string {
 		return filepath.Clean(p)
 	}
 
-	jww.ERROR.Println("Couldn't discover absolute path")
+	logger.Error(fmt.Errorf("could not discover absolute path: %w", err).Error())
-	jww.ERROR.Println(err)
+
 	return ""
 }
 
-// Check if File / Directory Exists
-func exists(fs afero.Fs, path string) (bool, error) {
-	_, err := fs.Stat(path)
-	if err == nil {
-		return true, nil
-	}
-	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false, nil
-	}
-	return false, err
-}
-
-func stringInSlice(a string, list []string) bool {
-	for _, b := range list {
-		if b == a {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
 func userHomeDir() string {
 	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
 		home := os.Getenv("HOMEDRIVE") + os.Getenv("HOMEPATH")
@@ -154,7 +147,7 @@ func safeMul(a, b uint) uint {
 	return c
 }
 
-// parseSizeInBytes converts strings like 1GB or 12 mb into an unsigned integer number of bytes
+// parseSizeInBytes converts strings like 1GB or 12 mb into an unsigned integer number of bytes.
 func parseSizeInBytes(sizeStr string) uint {
 	sizeStr = strings.TrimSpace(sizeStr)
 	lastChar := len(sizeStr) - 1
@@ -196,22 +189,22 @@ func parseSizeInBytes(sizeStr string) uint {
 // In case intermediate keys do not exist, or map to a non-map value,
 // a new map is created and inserted, and the search continues from there:
 // the initial map "m" may be modified!
-func deepSearch(m map[string]interface{}, path []string) map[string]interface{} {
+func deepSearch(m map[string]any, path []string) map[string]any {
 	for _, k := range path {
 		m2, ok := m[k]
 		if !ok {
 			// intermediate key does not exist
 			// => create it and continue from there
-			m3 := make(map[string]interface{})
+			m3 := make(map[string]any)
 			m[k] = m3
 			m = m3
 			continue
 		}
-		m3, ok := m2.(map[string]interface{})
+		m3, ok := m2.(map[string]any)
 		if !ok {
 			// intermediate key is a value
 			// => replace with a new map
-			m3 = make(map[string]interface{})
+			m3 = make(map[string]any)
 			m[k] = m3
 		}
 		// continue search from here

util_test.go

@@ -11,44 +11,76 @@
 package viper
 
 import (
-	"reflect"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
 func TestCopyAndInsensitiviseMap(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		given = map[string]interface{}{
+		given = map[string]any{
 			"Foo": 32,
-			"Bar": map[interface{}]interface {
+			"Bar": map[any]any{
-			}{
 				"ABc": "A",
-				"cDE": "B"},
+				"cDE": "B",
+			},
 		}
-		expected = map[string]interface{}{
+		expected = map[string]any{
 			"foo": 32,
-			"bar": map[string]interface {
+			"bar": map[string]any{
-			}{
 				"abc": "A",
-				"cde": "B"},
+				"cde": "B",
+			},
 		}
 	)
 
 	got := copyAndInsensitiviseMap(given)
 
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, expected) {
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, got)
-		t.Fatalf("Got %q\nexpected\n%q", got, expected)
+	_, ok := given["foo"]
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+	_, ok = given["bar"]
+	assert.False(t, ok)
+
+	m := given["Bar"].(map[any]any)
+	_, ok = m["ABc"]
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+}
+
+func TestAbsPathify(t *testing.T) {
+	skipWindows(t)
+
+	home := userHomeDir()
+	homer := filepath.Join(home, "homer")
+	wd, _ := os.Getwd()
+
+	t.Setenv("HOMER_ABSOLUTE_PATH", homer)
+	t.Setenv("VAR_WITH_RELATIVE_PATH", "relative")
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		input  string
+		output string
+	}{
+		{"", wd},
+		{"sub", filepath.Join(wd, "sub")},
+		{"./", wd},
+		{"./sub", filepath.Join(wd, "sub")},
+		{"$HOME", home},
+		{"$HOME/", home},
+		{"$HOME/sub", filepath.Join(home, "sub")},
+		{"$HOMER_ABSOLUTE_PATH", homer},
+		{"$HOMER_ABSOLUTE_PATH/", homer},
+		{"$HOMER_ABSOLUTE_PATH/sub", filepath.Join(homer, "sub")},
+		{"$VAR_WITH_RELATIVE_PATH", filepath.Join(wd, "relative")},
+		{"$VAR_WITH_RELATIVE_PATH/", filepath.Join(wd, "relative")},
+		{"$VAR_WITH_RELATIVE_PATH/sub", filepath.Join(wd, "relative", "sub")},
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := given["foo"]; ok {
+	for _, test := range tests {
-		t.Fatal("Input map changed")
+		got := absPathify(slog.Default(), test.input)
-	}
+		assert.Equal(t, test.output, got)
-
-	if _, ok := given["bar"]; ok {
-		t.Fatal("Input map changed")
-	}
-
-	m := given["Bar"].(map[interface{}]interface{})
-	if _, ok := m["ABc"]; !ok {
-		t.Fatal("Input map changed")
 	}
 }

viper_yaml_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package viper
+
+var yamlExample = []byte(`Hacker: true
+name: steve
+hobbies:
+    - skateboarding
+    - snowboarding
+    - go
+clothing:
+    jacket: leather
+    trousers: denim
+    pants:
+        size: large
+age: 35
+eyes : brown
+beard: true
+`)
+
+var yamlWriteExpected = []byte(`age: 35
+beard: true
+clothing:
+    jacket: leather
+    pants:
+        size: large
+    trousers: denim
+eyes: brown
+hacker: true
+hobbies:
+    - skateboarding
+    - snowboarding
+    - go
+name: steve
+`)
+
+var yamlExampleWithDot = []byte(`Hacker: true
+name: steve
+hobbies:
+    - skateboarding
+    - snowboarding
+    - go
+clothing:
+    jacket: leather
+    trousers: denim
+    pants:
+        size: large
+age: 35
+eyes : brown
+beard: true
+emails:
+    steve@hacker.com:
+        created: 01/02/03
+        active: true
+`)