Update 'README.md'

Merge branch 'fgrehm:master' into master
2023-02-03 19:28:15 +00:00 · 2023-02-03 19:08:48 +00:00 · 2023-02-03 19:56:32 +01:00 · 2022-11-24 20:41:12 -03:00 · 2022-11-24 20:40:54 -03:00 · 2022-11-24 20:40:34 -03:00
34 changed files with 858 additions and 892 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ doc/

 /tags
 /gems.tags
+/Gemfile.lock

 .vagrant
 /cache
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 language: ruby
 rvm:
-  - 2.0.0
-  - 2.1.1
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-    - rvm: 2.1.1
+  - 2.2
+  - 2.3
+  - 2.4
+  - 2.5
+install:
+  - gem install -v 1.12.5 bundler
+  - bundle _1.12.5_ install --jobs=3 --retry=3
 script: "bundle exec rake ci"
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,4 +1,116 @@
-## [1.1.0](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.0.1...1.1.0) (Jan 14, 2015)
+## [1.4.2](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.4.1...v1.4.2) (Jul 17, 2018)
+
+FIXES:
+  - Fix problems with `redir` 3.x command line. [[GH-467]]
+
+## [1.4.1](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.4.0...v1.4.1) (Apr 30, 2018)
+
+FEATURES:
+  - Add support for LXC v3.0
+  - Add support for `redir` 3.x command line. [[GH-460]]
+
+[GH-460]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/460
+
+## [1.4.0](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.3.1...v1.4.0) (Mar 04, 2018)
+
+FEATURES:
+  - Add support for unprivileged containers. [[GH-312]]
+
+[GH-312]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/312
+
+## [1.3.1](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.3.0...v1.3.1) (Fev 06, 2018)
+
+FIXES:
+  - Fix problems with `tmpfs` fiddling in v1.3.0. [[GH-455]]
+
+[GH-455]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/455
+
+## [1.3.0](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.2.4...v1.3.0) (Jan 20, 2018)
+
+FEATURES:
+  - lxc-template: make runnable by unprivileged users [[GH-447]]
+  - Use `lxc-info` instead of `lxc-attach` to retrieve container IP
+  - Add support for LXC v2.1+ [[GH-445]]
+  - Remove 2Gb limitation on `/tmp`. [[GH-406]]
+
+OTHERS:
+  - Bump Vagrant requirements to v1.8+
+  - Bump LXC requirements to v1.0+
+
+
+[GH-447]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/447
+[GH-445]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/445
+[GH-406]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/406
+
+## [1.2.4](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.2.3...v1.2.4) (Dec 20, 2017)
+
+BUGFIX:
+  - Support alternative `lxcpath` [[GH-413]]
+  - Update `pipework` regexp in sudo wrapper for Vagrant 1.9+ [[GH-438]]
+  - Work around restrictive `umask` values [[GH-435]]
+  - Make `--config` in `lxc-template` optional [[GH-421]]
+  - Fix sudo wrapper binpath construction logic [[GH-410]]
+  - Fix bug causing CTRL-C on `vagrant up` to destroy the VM [[GH-449]]
+
+[GH-413]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/413
+[GH-438]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/438
+[GH-435]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/435
+[GH-421]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/421
+[GH-410]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/410
+[GH-449]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/449
+
+## [1.2.3](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.2.2...v1.2.3) (Dec 20, 2016)
+
+  - Fix bug in Gemfile.lock
+
+## [1.2.2](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.2.1...v1.2.2) (Dec 20, 2016)
+
+BUGFIX:
+  - Make the timeout for fetching container IP's configurable [[GH-426]]
+  - Load locale file only once [[GH-423]]
+  - Preserve xattrs in container filesystems [[GH-411]]
+  - Forward port latest pipework script [[GH-408]]
+  - Fix handling of non-fatal lxc-stop return code [[GH-405]]
+
+[GH-426]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/426
+[GH-423]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/423
+[GH-411]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/411
+[GH-408]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/408
+[GH-405]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/405
+
+## [1.2.1](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.2.0...v1.2.1) (Sep 24, 2015)
+
+BUGFIX:
+  - Fix sudo Wrapper [[GH-393]]
+ 
+[GH-393]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/393
+
+## [1.2.0](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0) (Sep 15, 2015)
+
+FEATURES:
+  - Support private networking using DHCP [[GH-352]]
+
+[GH-352]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/352
+
+IMPROVEMENTS:
+
+  - Move mountpoint creation to lxc template for lvm rootfs support [[GH-361]] / [[GH-359]]
+  - Mount selinux sys dir read-only [[GH-357]] / [[GH-301]]
+  - Use correct ruby interpreter when generating sudoers file [[GH-355]]
+  - Fix shebangs to be more portable [[GH-376]]
+  - Fix removal of lxcbr0/virbr0 when using private networking [[GH-383]]
+  - Improve /tmp handling by using tmpfs [[GH-362]]
+
+[GH-301]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/301
+[GH-355]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/355
+[GH-357]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/357
+[GH-359]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/359
+[GH-361]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/361
+[GH-376]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/376
+[GH-383]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/383
+[GH-362]: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/pull/362
+
+## [1.1.0](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/compare/v1.0.1...v1.1.0) (Jan 14, 2015)

 BACKWARDS INCOMPATIBILITIES:

--- a/8
+++ b/8
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 source 'https://rubygems.org'

 group :development do
-  gem 'vagrant', git: 'https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant.git', tag: 'v1.7.2'
+  gem 'vagrant', git: 'https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant.git'
  gem 'guard'
  gem 'guard-rspec'
  gem 'rb-inotify'
 end

 group :development, :test do
-  gem 'rake'
-  gem 'rspec',        '2.99.0'
-  gem 'coveralls',    require: (ENV['COVERAGE'] == 'true')
+  gem 'rake', '~> 10.4.2'
+  gem 'rspec', '~> 3.5.0'
+  gem 'coveralls', '~> 0.7.2', require: (ENV['COVERAGE'] == 'true')
  gem 'vagrant-spec', git: 'https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant-spec.git'
 end

--- a/Gemfile.lock
+++ b/Gemfile.lock
@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-cachier.git
-  revision: 9f6b615e84364b851939a8e7ee8229fc0d276c73
-  specs:
-    vagrant-cachier (1.1.0)
-
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-pristine.git
-  revision: 503dbc47848c81d0fbfa6840491856f518d244a1
-  specs:
-    vagrant-pristine (0.3.0)
-
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant-spec.git
-  revision: 1df5a3af81cb7cce568b2eac52b8f6822bcb1d8e
-  specs:
-    vagrant-spec (0.0.1)
-      childprocess (~> 0.5.0)
-      log4r (~> 1.1.9)
-      rspec (~> 2.14)
-      thor (~> 0.18.1)
-
-GIT
-  remote: https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant.git
-  revision: 1cd667b243f4a263cd5322b6455165cc676b6f7f
-  tag: v1.7.2
-  specs:
-    vagrant (1.7.2)
-      bundler (>= 1.5.2, < 1.8.0)
-      childprocess (~> 0.5.0)
-      erubis (~> 2.7.0)
-      hashicorp-checkpoint (~> 0.1.1)
-      i18n (~> 0.6.0)
-      listen (~> 2.8.0)
-      log4r (~> 1.1.9, < 1.1.11)
-      net-scp (~> 1.1.0)
-      net-sftp (~> 2.1)
-      net-ssh (>= 2.6.6, < 2.10.0)
-      nokogiri (= 1.6.3.1)
-      rb-kqueue (~> 0.2.0)
-      rest-client (>= 1.6.0, < 2.0)
-      wdm (~> 0.1.0)
-      winrm (~> 1.1.3)
-
-PATH
-  remote: .
-  specs:
-    vagrant-lxc (1.1.0)
-
-GEM
-  remote: https://rubygems.org/
-  specs:
-    akami (1.2.2)
-      gyoku (>= 0.4.0)
-      nokogiri
-    builder (3.2.2)
-    celluloid (0.16.0)
-      timers (~> 4.0.0)
-    childprocess (0.5.5)
-      ffi (~> 1.0, >= 1.0.11)
-    coderay (1.1.0)
-    coveralls (0.7.1)
-      multi_json (~> 1.3)
-      rest-client
-      simplecov (>= 0.7)
-      term-ansicolor
-      thor
-    diff-lcs (1.2.5)
-    docile (1.1.5)
-    erubis (2.7.0)
-    ffi (1.9.6)
-    formatador (0.2.5)
-    gssapi (1.0.3)
-      ffi (>= 1.0.1)
-    guard (2.11.1)
-      formatador (>= 0.2.4)
-      listen (~> 2.7)
-      lumberjack (~> 1.0)
-      nenv (~> 0.1)
-      notiffany (~> 0.0)
-      pry (>= 0.9.12)
-      shellany (~> 0.0)
-      thor (>= 0.18.1)
-    guard-compat (1.2.0)
-    guard-rspec (4.5.0)
-      guard (~> 2.1)
-      guard-compat (~> 1.1)
-      rspec (>= 2.99.0, < 4.0)
-    gyoku (1.2.2)
-      builder (>= 2.1.2)
-    hashicorp-checkpoint (0.1.4)
-    hitimes (1.2.2)
-    httpclient (2.6.0.1)
-    httpi (0.9.7)
-      rack
-    i18n (0.6.11)
-    listen (2.8.5)
-      celluloid (>= 0.15.2)
-      rb-fsevent (>= 0.9.3)
-      rb-inotify (>= 0.9)
-    little-plugger (1.1.3)
-    log4r (1.1.10)
-    logging (1.8.2)
-      little-plugger (>= 1.1.3)
-      multi_json (>= 1.8.4)
-    lumberjack (1.0.9)
-    method_source (0.8.2)
-    mime-types (2.4.3)
-    mini_portile (0.6.0)
-    multi_json (1.10.1)
-    nenv (0.1.1)
-    net-scp (1.1.2)
-      net-ssh (>= 2.6.5)
-    net-sftp (2.1.2)
-      net-ssh (>= 2.6.5)
-    net-ssh (2.9.1)
-    netrc (0.10.2)
-    nokogiri (1.6.3.1)
-      mini_portile (= 0.6.0)
-    nori (1.1.5)
-    notiffany (0.0.2)
-      nenv (~> 0.1)
-      shellany (~> 0.0)
-    pry (0.10.1)
-      coderay (~> 1.1.0)
-      method_source (~> 0.8.1)
-      slop (~> 3.4)
-    rack (1.6.0)
-    rake (10.4.2)
-    rb-fsevent (0.9.4)
-    rb-inotify (0.9.5)
-      ffi (>= 0.5.0)
-    rb-kqueue (0.2.3)
-      ffi (>= 0.5.0)
-    rest-client (1.7.2)
-      mime-types (>= 1.16, < 3.0)
-      netrc (~> 0.7)
-    rspec (2.99.0)
-      rspec-core (~> 2.99.0)
-      rspec-expectations (~> 2.99.0)
-      rspec-mocks (~> 2.99.0)
-    rspec-core (2.99.2)
-    rspec-expectations (2.99.2)
-      diff-lcs (>= 1.1.3, < 2.0)
-    rspec-mocks (2.99.2)
-    rubyntlm (0.1.1)
-    savon (0.9.5)
-      akami (~> 1.0)
-      builder (>= 2.1.2)
-      gyoku (>= 0.4.0)
-      httpi (~> 0.9)
-      nokogiri (>= 1.4.0)
-      nori (~> 1.0)
-      wasabi (~> 1.0)
-    shellany (0.0.1)
-    simplecov (0.9.1)
-      docile (~> 1.1.0)
-      multi_json (~> 1.0)
-      simplecov-html (~> 0.8.0)
-    simplecov-html (0.8.0)
-    slop (3.6.0)
-    term-ansicolor (1.3.0)
-      tins (~> 1.0)
-    thor (0.18.1)
-    timers (4.0.1)
-      hitimes
-    tins (1.3.3)
-    uuidtools (2.1.5)
-    vagrant-omnibus (1.4.1)
-    wasabi (1.0.0)
-      nokogiri (>= 1.4.0)
-    wdm (0.1.0)
-    winrm (1.1.3)
-      gssapi (~> 1.0.0)
-      httpclient (~> 2.2, >= 2.2.0.2)
-      logging (~> 1.6, >= 1.6.1)
-      nokogiri (~> 1.5)
-      rubyntlm (~> 0.1.1)
-      savon (= 0.9.5)
-      uuidtools (~> 2.1.2)
-
-PLATFORMS
-  ruby
-
-DEPENDENCIES
-  coveralls
-  guard
-  guard-rspec
-  rake
-  rb-inotify
-  rspec (= 2.99.0)
-  vagrant!
-  vagrant-cachier!
-  vagrant-lxc!
-  vagrant-omnibus
-  vagrant-pristine!
-  vagrant-spec!
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,33 +1,34 @@
+🟢 We plan to support and maintain vagrant-lxc, as well as clean it up.<br/>
+🟢 Please feel free to contribute Issues and pull requests.<br/>
+🟢 P.S: Thanks [Fabio Rehm](https://fabiorehm.com) for the amazing initial project.
+
 # vagrant-lxc

-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/vagrant-lxc.png)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/vagrant-lxc) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png)](https://codeclimate.com/github/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Gittip](http://img.shields.io/gittip/fgrehm.svg)](https://www.gittip.com/fgrehm/) [![Gitter chat](https://badges.gitter.im/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png)](https://gitter.im/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/vagrant-lxc.png)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/vagrant-lxc) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png)](https://codeclimate.com/github/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc) [![Gitter chat](https://badges.gitter.im/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc.png)](https://gitter.im/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc)

-[LXC](http://lxc.sourceforge.net/) provider for [Vagrant](http://www.vagrantup.com/) 1.6+
+[LXC](http://lxc.sourceforge.net/) provider for [Vagrant](http://www.vagrantup.com/) 1.9+

 This is a Vagrant plugin that allows it to control and provision Linux Containers
 as an alternative to the built in VirtualBox provider for Linux hosts. Check out
 [this blog post](http://fabiorehm.com/blog/2013/04/28/lxc-provider-for-vagrant/)
 to see it in action.

-
 ## Features

 * Provides the same workflow as the Vagrant VirtualBox provider
-* Port forwarding via [`redir`](http://linux.die.net/man/1/redir)
+* Port forwarding via [`redir`](https://github.com/troglobit/redir)
 * Private networking via [`pipework`](https://github.com/jpetazzo/pipework)

 ## Requirements

-* [Vagrant 1.5+](http://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html) (tested with 1.7.2)
-* lxc 0.7.5+
+* [Vagrant 1.9+](http://www.vagrantup.com/downloads.html)
+* lxc >=2.1
 * `redir` (if you are planning to use port forwarding)
 * `brctl` (if you are planning to use private networks, on Ubuntu this means `apt-get install bridge-utils`)
-* A [kernel != 3.5.0-17.28](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/wiki/Troubleshooting#wiki-im-unable-to-restart-containers)

 The plugin is known to work better and pretty much out of the box on Ubuntu 14.04+
-hosts and installing the dependencies on it basically means a `apt-get install lxc lxc-templates cgroup-lite redir`
-(older LXC versions like 0.7.5 shipped with Ubuntu 12.04 by default might require
-[additional configurations to work](#backingstore-options)). For setting up other
+hosts and installing the dependencies on it basically means a
+`apt-get install lxc lxc-templates cgroup-lite redir`. For setting up other
 types of hosts please have a look at the [Wiki](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/wiki).

 If you are on a Mac or Windows machine, you might want to have a look at [this](http://the.taoofmac.com/space/HOWTO/Vagrant)
@ -54,8 +55,9 @@ _More information about skipping the `--provider` argument can be found at the

 ## Base boxes

-Base boxes can be found on [Atlas](https://atlas.hashicorp.com/boxes/search?provider=lxc)
-and some scripts to build your own are available at [fgrehm/vagrant-lxc-base-boxes](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc-base-boxes).
+Base boxes provided on Atlas haven't been refreshed for a good while and shouldn't be relied on.
+Your best best is to build your boxes yourself. Some scripts to build your own are available at
+[hsoft/vagrant-lxc-base-boxes](https://github.com/hsoft/vagrant-lxc-base-boxes).

 If you want to build your own boxes, please have a look at [`BOXES.md`](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/tree/master/BOXES.md)
 for more information.
@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ prior to starting it.

 For other configuration options, please check the [lxc.conf manpages](http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man5/lxc.conf.5.html).

-### Private Networks [EXPERIMENTAL]
+### Private Networks

 Starting with vagrant-lxc 1.1.0, there is some rudimentary support for configuring
 [Private Networks](https://docs.vagrantup.com/v2/networking/private_network.html)
@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ specified from the provider block and it defaults to `best`, to change it:
 ```ruby
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.provider :lxc do |lxc|
-    lxc.backingstore = 'lvm' # or 'btrfs',...
+    lxc.backingstore = 'lvm' # or 'btrfs', 'overlayfs', ...
    # lvm specific options
    lxc.backingstore_option '--vgname', 'schroots'
    lxc.backingstore_option '--fssize', '5G'
@ -140,31 +142,33 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
 end
 ```

-For old versions of lxc (like 0.7.5 shipped with Ubuntu 12.04 by default) that
-does not support `best` for the backingstore option, changing it to `none` is
-required and a default for all Vagrant environments can be set from your
-`~/.vagrant.d/Vagrantfile` using the same `provider` block:
+## Unprivileged containers support
+
+Since v1.4.0, `vagrant-lxc` gained support for unprivileged containers. For now, since it's a new
+feature, privileged containers are still the default, but you can have your `Vagrantfile` use
+unprivileged containers with the `privileged` flag (which defaults to `true`). Example:

 ```ruby
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.provider :lxc do |lxc|
-    lxc.backingstore = 'none'
+    lxc.privileged = false
  end
 end
 ```

+For unprivileged containers to work with `vagrant-lxc`, you need a properly configured system. On
+some distros, it can be somewhat of a challenge. Your journey to configuring your system can start
+with [Stéphane Graber's blog post about it](https://stgraber.org/2014/01/17/lxc-1-0-unprivileged-containers/).
+
 ## Avoiding `sudo` passwords

-This plugin requires **a lot** of `sudo`ing since [user namespaces](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UserNamespace)
-is not supported yet. To work around that, you can use the `vagrant lxc sudoers`
-command which will create a file under `/etc/sudoers.d/vagrant-lxc` whitelisting
-all commands required by `vagrant-lxc` to run.
+If you're not using unprivileged containers, this plugin requires **a lot** of `sudo`ing To work
+around that, you can use the `vagrant lxc sudoers` command which will create a file under
+`/etc/sudoers.d/vagrant-lxc` whitelisting all commands required by `vagrant-lxc` to run.

 If you are interested on what will be generated by that command, please check
 [this code](lib/vagrant-lxc/command/sudoers.rb).

-_vagrant-lxc < 1.0.0 users, please check this [Wiki page](https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/wiki/Avoiding-%27sudo%27-passwords)_
-

 ## More information

--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc.rb
@ -6,9 +6,5 @@ module Vagrant
    def self.source_root
      @source_root ||= Pathname.new(File.dirname(__FILE__)).join('..').expand_path
    end
-
-    def self.sudo_wrapper_path
-      "/usr/local/bin/vagrant-lxc-wrapper"
-    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action.rb
@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ require 'vagrant-lxc/action/create'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/destroy'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/destroy_confirm'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/compress_rootfs'
-require 'vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_with_lxc_attach'
-require 'vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_from_dnsmasq_leases'
+require 'vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_with_lxc_info'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/forced_halt'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/forward_ports'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/gc_private_network_bridges'
@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ require 'vagrant-lxc/action/handle_box_metadata'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/prepare_nfs_settings'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/prepare_nfs_valid_ids'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/private_networks'
-require 'vagrant-lxc/action/remove_temporary_files'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/setup_package_files'
 require 'vagrant-lxc/action/warn_networks'

@ -126,7 +124,6 @@ module Vagrant
            end

            b2.use ClearForwardedPorts
-            b2.use RemoveTemporaryFiles
            b2.use GcPrivateNetworkBridges
            b2.use Builtin::Call, Builtin::GracefulHalt, :stopped, :running do |env2, b3|
              if !env2[:result]
@ -184,8 +181,7 @@ module Vagrant
      def self.action_ssh_ip
        Builder.new.tap do |b|
          b.use Builtin::Call, Builtin::ConfigValidate do |env, b2|
-            b2.use FetchIpWithLxcAttach if env[:machine].provider.driver.supports_attach?
-            b2.use FetchIpFromDnsmasqLeases
+            b2.use FetchIpWithLxcInfo
          end
        end
      end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/boot.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/boot.rb
@ -8,11 +8,15 @@ module Vagrant

        def call(env)
          @env = env
-
+          driver = env[:machine].provider.driver
          config = env[:machine].provider_config

          utsname = env[:machine].config.vm.hostname || env[:machine].id
-          config.customize 'utsname', utsname
+          if driver.supports_new_config_format
+            config.customize 'uts.name', utsname
+          else
+            config.customize 'utsname', utsname
+          end

          # Fix apparmor issues when starting Ubuntu 14.04 containers
          # See https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/278 for more information
@ -20,8 +24,19 @@ module Vagrant
            config.customize 'mount.entry', '/sys/fs/pstore sys/fs/pstore none bind,optional 0 0'
          end

+          # Make selinux read-only, see
+          # https://github.com/fgrehm/vagrant-lxc/issues/301
+          if Dir.exists?('/sys/fs/selinux')
+            config.customize 'mount.entry', '/sys/fs/selinux sys/fs/selinux none bind,ro 0 0'
+          end
+
+          if config.tmpfs_mount_size && !config.tmpfs_mount_size.empty?
+            # Make /tmp a tmpfs to prevent init scripts from nuking synced folders mounted in here
+            config.customize 'mount.entry', "tmpfs tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid,size=#{config.tmpfs_mount_size} 0 0"
+          end
+
          env[:ui].info I18n.t("vagrant_lxc.messages.starting")
-          env[:machine].provider.driver.start(config.customizations)
+          driver.start(config.customizations)

          @app.call env
        end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/create.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/create.rb
@ -19,14 +19,28 @@ module Vagrant
              container_name = generate_container_name(env)
          end

-          env[:machine].provider.driver.create(
+          backingstore = config.backingstore
+          if backingstore.nil?
+            backingstore = config.privileged ? "best" : "dir"
+          end
+          driver = env[:machine].provider.driver
+          template_options = env[:lxc_template_opts]
+          if driver.supports_new_config_format
+            if env[:lxc_box_config]
+              driver.update_config_keys(env[:lxc_box_config])
+            end
+          else
+            template_options['--oldconfig'] = ''
+          end
+          driver.create(
            container_name,
-            config.backingstore,
+            backingstore,
            config.backingstore_options,
            env[:lxc_template_src],
            env[:lxc_template_config],
-            env[:lxc_template_opts]
+            template_options
          )
+          driver.update_config_keys

          env[:machine].id = container_name

--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_from_dnsmasq_leases.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_from_dnsmasq_leases.rb
@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-module Vagrant
-  module LXC
-    module Action
-      class FetchIpFromDnsmasqLeases
-        def initialize(app, env)
-          @app    = app
-          @logger = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::lxc::action::fetch_ip_from_dnsmasq_leases")
-        end
-
-        def call(env)
-          env[:machine_ip] ||= assigned_ip(env)
-          @app.call(env)
-        end
-
-        def assigned_ip(env)
-          mac_address = env[:machine].provider.driver.mac_address
-          ip = nil
-          10.times do
-            dnsmasq_leases = read_dnsmasq_leases
-            @logger.debug "Attempting to load ip from dnsmasq leases (mac: #{mac_address})"
-            @logger.debug dnsmasq_leases
-            if dnsmasq_leases =~ /#{Regexp.escape mac_address.to_s}\s+([0-9.]+)\s+/i
-              ip = $1.to_s
-              break
-            else
-              @logger.debug 'Ip could not be parsed from dnsmasq leases file'
-              sleep 2
-            end
-          end
-          ip
-        end
-
-        LEASES_PATHS = %w(
-          /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.*.leases
-          /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases
-          /var/lib/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.leases
-          /var/db/dnsmasq.leases
-          /var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/*.leases
-        )
-
-        def read_dnsmasq_leases
-          Dir["{#{LEASES_PATHS.join(',')}}"].map do |file|
-            File.read(file)
-          end.join("\n")
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_with_lxc_attach.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/fetch_ip_with_lxc_attach.rb
@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
 module Vagrant
  module LXC
    module Action
-      class FetchIpWithLxcAttach
+      class FetchIpWithLxcInfo
        # Include this so we can use `Subprocess` more easily.
        include Vagrant::Util::Retryable

        def initialize(app, env)
          @app    = app
-          @logger = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::lxc::action::fetch_ip_with_lxc_attach")
+          @logger = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::lxc::action::fetch_ip_with_lxc_info")
        end

        def call(env)
          env[:machine_ip] ||= assigned_ip(env)
-        rescue LXC::Errors::NamespacesNotSupported
-          @logger.info 'The `lxc-attach` command available does not support the --namespaces parameter, falling back to dnsmasq leases to fetch container ip'
        ensure
          @app.call(env)
        end

        def assigned_ip(env)
+          config = env[:machine].provider_config
+          fetch_ip_tries = config.fetch_ip_tries
          driver = env[:machine].provider.driver
          ip = ''
-          retryable(:on => LXC::Errors::ExecuteError, :tries => 10, :sleep => 3) do
+          return config.ssh_ip_addr if not config.ssh_ip_addr.nil?
+          retryable(:on => LXC::Errors::ExecuteError, :tries => fetch_ip_tries, :sleep => 3) do
            unless ip = get_container_ip_from_ip_addr(driver)
              # retry
-              raise LXC::Errors::ExecuteError, :command => "lxc-attach"
+              raise LXC::Errors::ExecuteError, :command => "lxc-info"
            end
          end
          ip
@ -32,8 +33,8 @@ module Vagrant

        # From: https://github.com/lxc/lxc/blob/staging/src/python-lxc/lxc/__init__.py#L371-L385
        def get_container_ip_from_ip_addr(driver)
-          output = driver.attach '/sbin/ip', '-4', 'addr', 'show', 'scope', 'global', 'eth0', namespaces: ['network', 'mount']
-          if output =~ /^\s+inet ([0-9.]+)\/[0-9]+\s+/
+          output = driver.info '-iH'
+          if output =~ /^([0-9.]+)/
            return $1.to_s
          end
        end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/forward_ports.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/forward_ports.rb
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+require 'open3'
+
 module Vagrant
  module LXC
    module Action
@ -67,7 +69,9 @@ module Vagrant

            # TODO: Deprecate this behavior of "automagically" skipping ssh forwarded ports
            if type == :forwarded_port && options[:id] != 'ssh'
-              options.delete(:host_ip) if options.fetch(:host_ip, '').to_s.strip.empty?
+              if options.fetch(:host_ip, '').to_s.strip.empty?
+                options[:host_ip] = '127.0.0.1'
+              end
              mappings[options[:host]] = options
            end
          end
@ -76,8 +80,12 @@ module Vagrant
        end

        def redirect_port(host_ip, host_port, guest_ip, guest_port)
-          params = %W( --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{guest_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} )
-          params.unshift "--laddr=#{host_ip}" if host_ip
+          if redir_version >= 3
+            params = %W( -n #{host_ip}:#{host_port} #{guest_ip}:#{guest_port} )
+          else
+            params = %W( --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{guest_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} )
+            params.unshift "--laddr=#{host_ip}" if host_ip
+          end
          params << '--syslog' if ENV['REDIR_LOG']
          if host_port < 1024
            redir_cmd = "sudo redir #{params.join(' ')} 2>/dev/null"
@ -97,6 +105,13 @@ module Vagrant
          end
        end

+        def redir_version
+          stdout, stderr, _ = Open3.capture3 "redir --version"
+          # For some weird reason redir printed version information in STDERR prior to 3.2
+          version = stdout.empty? ? stderr : stdout
+          version.split('.')[0].to_i
+        end
+
        def redir_installed?
          system "which redir > /dev/null"
        end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/gc_private_network_bridges.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/gc_private_network_bridges.rb
@ -35,8 +35,9 @@ module Vagrant

            if ! driver.bridge_is_in_use?(bridge)
              env[:ui].info I18n.t("vagrant_lxc.messages.remove_bridge", name: bridge)
-              # TODO: Output that bridge is being removed
-              driver.remove_bridge(bridge)
+              unless ['lxcbr0', 'virbr0'].include? bridge
+                driver.remove_bridge(bridge)
+              end
            end
          end
        end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/handle_box_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/handle_box_metadata.rb
@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ module Vagrant
          end

          if template_config_file.exist?
+            @env[:lxc_box_config] = template_config_file.to_s
            @env[:lxc_template_opts].merge!('--config' => template_config_file.to_s)
          elsif old_template_config_file.exist?
+            @env[:lxc_box_config] = old_template_config_file.to_s
            @env[:lxc_template_config] = old_template_config_file.to_s
          end

--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/private_networks.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/private_networks.rb
@ -26,16 +26,19 @@ module Vagrant
            next if type.to_sym != :private_network

            container_name = env[:machine].provider.driver.container_name
+            address_type   = config[:type]
            ip             = config[:ip]
            bridge_ip      = config.fetch(:lxc__bridge_ip) { build_bridge_ip(ip) }
            bridge         = config.fetch(:lxc__bridge_name)

-            env[:machine].provider.driver.configure_private_network(bridge, bridge_ip, container_name, ip)
+            env[:machine].provider.driver.configure_private_network(bridge, bridge_ip, container_name, address_type, ip)
          end
        end

        def build_bridge_ip(ip)
-          ip.sub(/^(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\.\d+/, '\1.254')
+          if ip
+            ip.sub(/^(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\.\d+/, '\1.254')
+          end
        end
      end
    end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/remove_temporary_files.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/action/remove_temporary_files.rb
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-module Vagrant
-  module LXC
-    module Action
-      class RemoveTemporaryFiles
-        def initialize(app, env)
-          @app    = app
-          @logger = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::lxc::action::remove_tmp_files")
-        end
-
-        def call(env)
-          # Continue execution, we need the container to be stopped
-          @app.call env
-
-          if env[:machine].state.id == :stopped
-            @logger.debug 'Removing temporary files'
-            tmp_path = env[:machine].provider.driver.rootfs_path.join('tmp')
-            env[:machine].provider.sudo_wrapper.run('rm', '-rf', "#{tmp_path}/*")
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/command/sudoers.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/command/sudoers.rb
@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 require 'tempfile'

+require "vagrant-lxc/driver"
+require "vagrant-lxc/sudo_wrapper"
+
 module Vagrant
  module LXC
    module Command
@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ module Vagrant
          argv = parse_options(opts)
          return unless argv

-          wrapper_path = Vagrant::LXC.sudo_wrapper_path
+          wrapper_path = SudoWrapper.dest_path
          wrapper = create_wrapper!
          sudoers = create_sudoers!(options[:user], wrapper_path)

@ -43,12 +46,14 @@ module Vagrant

        # This requires vagrant 1.5.2+ https://github.com/mitchellh/vagrant/commit/3371c3716278071680af9b526ba19235c79c64cb
        def create_wrapper!
+          lxc_base_path = Driver.new("").containers_path
          wrapper = Tempfile.new('lxc-wrapper').tap do |file|
            template = Vagrant::Util::TemplateRenderer.new(
              'sudoers.rb',
              :template_root  => Vagrant::LXC.source_root.join('templates').to_s,
              :cmd_paths      => build_cmd_paths_hash,
-              :pipework_regex => "#{ENV['HOME']}/\.vagrant\.d/gems/gems/vagrant-lxc.+/scripts/pipework"
+              :lxc_base_path  => lxc_base_path,
+              :pipework_regex => "#{ENV['HOME']}/\.vagrant\.d/gems/(?:\\d+?\\.\\d+?\\.\\d+?/)?gems/vagrant-lxc.+/scripts/pipework"
            )
            file.puts template.render
          end
@ -80,9 +85,10 @@ module Vagrant
        def build_cmd_paths_hash
          {}.tap do |hash|
            %w( which cat mkdir cp chown chmod rm tar chown ip ifconfig brctl ).each do |cmd|
-              hash[cmd] = `which #{cmd}`.strip
+              hash[cmd] = `sudo which #{cmd}`.strip
            end
-            hash['lxc_bin'] = Pathname(`which lxc-create`.strip).parent.to_s
+            hash['lxc_bin'] = Pathname(`sudo which lxc-create`.strip).parent.to_s
+            hash['ruby'] = Gem.ruby
          end
        end
      end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/config.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/config.rb
@ -18,12 +18,29 @@ module Vagrant
      # machine name, set this to :machine
      attr_accessor :container_name

+      # Size (as a string like '400M') of the tmpfs to mount at /tmp on boot.
+      # Set to false or nil to disable the tmpfs mount altogether. Defaults to '2G'.
+      attr_accessor :tmpfs_mount_size
+
+      attr_accessor :fetch_ip_tries
+
+      attr_accessor :ssh_ip_addr
+
+      # Whether the container needs to be privileged. Defaults to true (unprivileged containers
+      # is a very new feature in vagrant-lxc). If false, will try creating an unprivileged
+      # container. If it can't, will revert to the old "sudo wrapper" method to create a privileged
+      # container.
+      attr_accessor :privileged
+
      def initialize
        @customizations = []
        @backingstore = UNSET_VALUE
        @backingstore_options = []
-        @sudo_wrapper   = UNSET_VALUE
        @container_name = UNSET_VALUE
+        @tmpfs_mount_size = UNSET_VALUE
+        @fetch_ip_tries = UNSET_VALUE
+        @ssh_ip_addr = UNSET_VALUE
+        @privileged = UNSET_VALUE
      end

      # Customize the container by calling `lxc-start` with the given
@ -47,10 +64,13 @@ module Vagrant
      end

      def finalize!
-        @sudo_wrapper = nil if @sudo_wrapper == UNSET_VALUE
        @container_name = nil if @container_name == UNSET_VALUE
-        @backingstore = "best" if @backingstore == UNSET_VALUE
+        @backingstore = nil if @backingstore == UNSET_VALUE
        @existing_container_name = nil if @existing_container_name == UNSET_VALUE
+        @tmpfs_mount_size = '2G' if @tmpfs_mount_size == UNSET_VALUE
+        @fetch_ip_tries = 10 if @fetch_ip_tries == UNSET_VALUE
+        @ssh_ip_addr = nil if @ssh_ip_addr == UNSET_VALUE
+        @privileged = true if @privileged == UNSET_VALUE
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/driver.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/driver.rb
@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ require "vagrant/util/subprocess"

 require "vagrant-lxc/errors"
 require "vagrant-lxc/driver/cli"
+require "vagrant-lxc/sudo_wrapper"

 require "etc"

@ -16,15 +17,13 @@ module Vagrant
      class ContainerNotFound < StandardError; end

      # Default root folder where container configs are stored
-      DEFAULT_CONTAINERS_PATH = '/var/lib/lxc'
-
      attr_reader :container_name,
                  :customizations

-      def initialize(container_name, sudo_wrapper, cli = nil)
+      def initialize(container_name, sudo_wrapper = nil, cli = nil, privileged: true)
        @container_name = container_name
-        @sudo_wrapper   = sudo_wrapper
-        @cli            = cli || CLI.new(sudo_wrapper, container_name)
+        @sudo_wrapper   = sudo_wrapper || SudoWrapper.new(privileged: privileged)
+        @cli            = cli || CLI.new(@sudo_wrapper, container_name)
        @logger         = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::provider::lxc::driver")
        @customizations = []
      end
@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ module Vagrant

      # Root folder where container configs are stored
      def containers_path
-        @containers_path ||= @cli.support_config_command? ? @cli.config('lxc.lxcpath') : DEFAULT_CONTAINERS_PATH
+        @containers_path ||= @cli.config('lxc.lxcpath')
      end

      def all_containers
@ -46,21 +45,25 @@ module Vagrant
        Pathname.new("#{containers_path}/#{@container_name}")
      end

+      def config_path
+        base_path.join('config').to_s
+      end 
+
      def rootfs_path
-        config_entry = config_string.match(/^lxc\.rootfs\s+=\s+(.+)$/)[1]
-        case config_entry
-        when /^overlayfs:/
+        pathtype, path = config_string.match(/^lxc\.rootfs(?:\.path)?\s+=\s+(.+:)?(.+)$/)[1..2]
+        case pathtype
+        when 'overlayfs:'
          # Split on colon (:), ignoring any colon escaped by an escape character ( \ )
          # Pays attention to when the escape character is itself escaped.
-          fs_type, master_path, overlay_path = config_entry.split(/(?<!\\)(?:\\\\)*:/)
+          _, overlay_path = config_entry.split(/(?<!\\)(?:\\\\)*:/)
          if overlay_path
            Pathname.new(overlay_path)
          else
            # Malformed: fall back to prior behaviour
-            Pathname.new(config_entry)
+            Pathname.new(path)
          end
        else
-          Pathname.new(config_entry)
+          Pathname.new(path)
        end
      end

@ -73,40 +76,27 @@ module Vagrant
      end

      def config_string
-        @sudo_wrapper.run('cat', base_path.join('config').to_s)
+        @sudo_wrapper.run('cat', config_path)
      end

      def create(name, backingstore, backingstore_options, template_path, config_file, template_options = {})
        @cli.name = @container_name = name

-        import_template(template_path) do |template_name|
-          @logger.debug "Creating container..."
-          @cli.create template_name, backingstore, backingstore_options, config_file, template_options
-        end
+        @logger.debug "Creating container..."
+
+        @cli.create template_path, backingstore, backingstore_options, config_file, template_options
      end

      def share_folders(folders)
        folders.each do |f|
-          share_folder(f[:hostpath], f[:guestpath], f.fetch(:mount_options, 'bind'))
+          share_folder(f[:hostpath], f[:guestpath], f.fetch(:mount_options, nil))
        end
      end

      def share_folder(host_path, guest_path, mount_options = nil)
-        guest_path      = guest_path.gsub(/^\//, '')
-        guest_full_path = rootfs_path.join(guest_path)
-
-        unless guest_full_path.directory?
-          begin
-            @logger.debug("Guest path doesn't exist, creating: #{guest_full_path}")
-            @sudo_wrapper.run('mkdir', '-p', guest_full_path.to_s)
-          rescue Errno::EACCES
-            raise Vagrant::Errors::SharedFolderCreateFailed, :path => guest_path.to_s
-          end
-        end
-
-        mount_options = Array(mount_options || ['bind'])
+        guest_path    = guest_path.gsub(/^\//, '').gsub(' ', '\\\040')
+        mount_options = Array(mount_options || ['bind', 'create=dir'])
        host_path     = host_path.to_s.gsub(' ', '\\\040')
-        guest_path    = guest_path.gsub(' ', '\\\040')
        @customizations << ['mount.entry', "#{host_path} #{guest_path} none #{mount_options.join(',')} 0 0"]
      end

@ -132,25 +122,38 @@ module Vagrant
        @cli.destroy
      end

-      def supports_attach?
-        @cli.supports_attach?
-      end
-
      def attach(*command)
        @cli.attach(*command)
      end

-      def configure_private_network(bridge_name, bridge_ip, container_name, ip)
+      def info(*command)
+        @cli.info(*command)
+      end
+
+      def configure_private_network(bridge_name, bridge_ip, container_name, address_type, ip)
        @logger.info "Configuring network interface for #{container_name} using #{ip} and bridge #{bridge_name}"
-        cmd = [
-          Vagrant::LXC.source_root.join('scripts/pipework').to_s,
-          bridge_name,
-          container_name,
-          "#{ip}/24"
-        ]
-        @sudo_wrapper.run(*cmd)
+        if ip
+          ip += '/24'
+        end
+
+        if ! bridge_exists?(bridge_name)
+          if not bridge_ip
+            raise "Bridge is missing and no IP was specified!"
+          end
+
+          @logger.info "Creating the bridge #{bridge_name}"
+          cmd = [
+            'brctl',
+            'addbr',
+            bridge_name
+          ]
+          @sudo_wrapper.run(*cmd)
+        end

        if ! bridge_has_an_ip?(bridge_name)
+          if not bridge_ip
+            raise "Bridge has no IP and none was specified!"
+          end
          @logger.info "Adding #{bridge_ip} to the bridge #{bridge_name}"
          cmd = [
            'ip',
@ -161,7 +164,16 @@ module Vagrant
            bridge_name
          ]
          @sudo_wrapper.run(*cmd)
+          @sudo_wrapper.run('ip', 'link', 'set', bridge_name, 'up')
        end
+
+        cmd = [
+          Vagrant::LXC.source_root.join('scripts/pipework').to_s,
+          bridge_name,
+          container_name,
+          ip ||= "dhcp"
+        ]
+        @sudo_wrapper.run(*cmd)
      end

      def bridge_has_an_ip?(bridge_name)
@ -169,6 +181,12 @@ module Vagrant
        `ip -4 addr show scope global #{bridge_name}` =~ /^\s+inet ([0-9.]+)\/[0-9]+\s+/
      end

+      def bridge_exists?(bridge_name)
+        @logger.info "Checking whether bridge #{bridge_name} exists"
+        brctl_output = `ip link | egrep -q " #{bridge_name}:"`
+        $?.to_i == 0
+      end
+
      def bridge_is_in_use?(bridge_name)
        # REFACTOR: This method is **VERY** hacky
        @logger.info "Checking if bridge #{bridge_name} is in use"
@ -177,12 +195,15 @@ module Vagrant
      end

      def remove_bridge(bridge_name)
-        @logger.info "Checking whether bridge #{bridge_name} exists"
-        brctl_output = `ifconfig -a | grep -q #{bridge_name}`
-        return if $?.to_i != 0
+        if ['lxcbr0', 'virbr0'].include? bridge_name
+           @logger.info "Skipping removal of system bridge #{bridge_name}"
+           return
+        end
+
+        return unless bridge_exists?(bridge_name)

        @logger.info "Removing bridge #{bridge_name}"
-        @sudo_wrapper.run('ifconfig', bridge_name, 'down')
+        @sudo_wrapper.run('ip', 'link', 'set', bridge_name, 'down')
        @sudo_wrapper.run('brctl', 'delbr', bridge_name)
      end

@ -190,6 +211,10 @@ module Vagrant
        @version ||= @cli.version
      end

+      def supports_new_config_format
+        Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new('2.1.0')
+      end
+
      # TODO: This needs to be reviewed and specs needs to be written
      def compress_rootfs
        # TODO: Pass in tmpdir so we can clean up from outside
@ -220,6 +245,13 @@ module Vagrant
        write_config(contents)
      end

+      def update_config_keys(path = nil)
+        path = path || config_path
+        @cli.update_config(path)
+      rescue Errors::ExecuteError
+        # not on LXC 2.1+. Doesn't matter, ignore.
+      end
+
      protected

      def write_customizations(customizations)
@ -236,47 +268,23 @@ module Vagrant
      end

      def write_config(contents)
-        Tempfile.new('lxc-config').tap do |file|
-          file.chmod 0644
-          file.write contents
-          file.close
-          @sudo_wrapper.run 'cp', '-f', file.path, base_path.join('config').to_s
-          @sudo_wrapper.run 'chown', 'root:root', base_path.join('config').to_s
+        confpath = base_path.join('config').to_s
+        begin
+          File.open(confpath, File::RDWR) do |file|
+            file.write contents
+          end
+        rescue
+          # We don't have permissions to write in the conf file. That's probably because it's a
+          # privileged container. Work around that through sudo_wrapper.
+          Tempfile.new('lxc-config').tap do |file|
+            file.chmod 0644
+            file.write contents
+            file.close
+            @sudo_wrapper.run 'cp', '-f', file.path, confpath
+            @sudo_wrapper.run 'chown', 'root:root', confpath
+          end
        end
      end
-
-      def import_template(path)
-        template_name     = "vagrant-tmp-#{@container_name}"
-        tmp_template_path = templates_path.join("lxc-#{template_name}").to_s
-
-        @logger.info 'Copying LXC template into place'
-        @sudo_wrapper.run('cp', path, tmp_template_path)
-        @sudo_wrapper.run('chmod', '+x', tmp_template_path)
-
-        yield template_name
-      ensure
-        @logger.info 'Removing LXC template'
-        if tmp_template_path
-          @sudo_wrapper.run('rm', tmp_template_path)
-        end
-      end
-
-      TEMPLATES_PATH_LOOKUP = %w(
-        /usr/share/lxc/templates
-        /usr/lib/lxc/templates
-        /usr/lib64/lxc/templates
-        /usr/local/lib/lxc/templates
-      )
-      def templates_path
-        return @templates_path if @templates_path
-
-        path = TEMPLATES_PATH_LOOKUP.find { |candidate| File.directory?(candidate) }
-        if !path
-          raise Errors::TemplatesDirMissing.new paths: TEMPLATES_PATH_LOOKUP.inspect
-        end
-
-        @templates_path = Pathname(path)
-      end
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/driver/cli.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/driver/cli.rb
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ module Vagrant

        def version
          return @version if @version
-          @version = support_version_command? ? run(:version) : run(:create, '--version')
+          @version = run(:create, '--version')
          if @version =~ /(lxc version:\s+|)(.+)\s*$/
            @version = $2.downcase
          else
@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ module Vagrant
        end

        def config(param)
-          if support_config_command?
-            run(:config, param).gsub("\n", '')
-          else
-            raise Errors::CommandNotSupported, name: 'config', available_version: '> 1.x.x', version: version
-          end
+          run(:config, param).gsub("\n", '')
+        end
+
+        def update_config(path)
+          run('update-config', '-c', path)
        end

        def state
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ module Vagrant
            config_opts = ['-f', config_file]
          end

-          extra = template_opts.to_a.flatten
+          extra = template_opts.to_a.flatten.reject { |elem| elem.empty? }
          extra.unshift '--' unless extra.empty?

          run :create,
@ -85,9 +85,19 @@ module Vagrant
          run :start, '-d', '--name', @name, *Array(options)
        end

+        ## lxc-stop will exit 2 if machine was already stopped
+        # Man Page:
+        # 2      The specified container exists but was not running.
        def stop
-          attach '/sbin/halt' if supports_attach?
-          run :stop, '--name', @name
+          begin
+            run :stop, '--name', @name
+          rescue LXC::Errors::ExecuteError => e
+            if e.exitcode == 2
+              @logger.debug "Machine already stopped, lxc-stop returned 2"
+            else
+              raise e
+            end
+          end
        end

        def attach(*cmd)
@ -103,17 +113,17 @@ module Vagrant
            end

            if namespaces
-              if supports_attach_with_namespaces?
-                extra = ['--namespaces', namespaces]
-              else
-                raise LXC::Errors::NamespacesNotSupported
-              end
+              extra = ['--namespaces', namespaces]
            end
          end

          run :attach, '--name', @name, *((extra || []) + cmd)
        end

+        def info(*cmd)
+          run(:info, '--name', @name, *cmd)
+        end
+
        def transition_to(target_state, tries = 30, timeout = 1, &block)
          raise TransitionBlockNotProvided unless block_given?

@ -131,42 +141,11 @@ module Vagrant
          end
        end

-        def supports_attach?
-          unless defined?(@supports_attach)
-            begin
-              @supports_attach = true
-              run(:attach, '--name', @name, '--', '/bin/true')
-            rescue LXC::Errors::ExecuteError
-              @supports_attach = false
-            end
-          end
-
-          return @supports_attach
-        end
-
-        def support_config_command?
-          version[0].to_i >= 1
-        end
-
-        def support_version_command?
-          @sudo_wrapper.run('which', 'lxc-version').strip.chomp != ''
-        rescue Vagrant::LXC::Errors::ExecuteError
-          return false
-        end
-
        private

        def run(command, *args)
          @sudo_wrapper.run("lxc-#{command}", *args)
        end
-
-        def supports_attach_with_namespaces?
-          unless defined?(@supports_attach_with_namespaces)
-            @supports_attach_with_namespaces = run(:attach, '-h', :show_stderr => true).values.join.include?('--namespaces')
-          end
-
-          return @supports_attach_with_namespaces
-        end
      end
    end
  end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/errors.rb
@ -5,19 +5,26 @@ module Vagrant
    module Errors
      class ExecuteError < Vagrant::Errors::VagrantError
        error_key(:lxc_execute_error)
-        attr_reader :stderr, :stdout
+        attr_reader :stderr, :stdout, :exitcode
        def initialize(message, *args)
          super
          if message.is_a?(Hash)
            @stderr = message[:stderr]
            @stdout = message[:stdout]
+            @exitcode = message[:exitcode]
          end
        end
      end

-      class NamespacesNotSupported < Vagrant::Errors::VagrantError
+      # Raised when user interrupts a subprocess
+      class SubprocessInterruptError < Vagrant::Errors::VagrantError
+        error_key(:lxc_interrupt_error)
+        def initialize(message, *args)
+          super
+        end
      end

+
      class LxcLinuxRequired < Vagrant::Errors::VagrantError
        error_key(:lxc_linux_required)
      end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/plugin.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/plugin.rb
@ -10,26 +10,25 @@ module Vagrant
      EOF

      provider(:lxc, parallel: true, priority: 7) do
-        require File.expand_path("../provider", __FILE__)
-
-        I18n.load_path << File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../locales/en.yml')
-        I18n.reload!
-
+        require_relative 'provider'
+        init!
        Provider
      end

      command "lxc" do
        require_relative 'command/root'
+        init!
        Command::Root
      end

      config(:lxc, :provider) do
-        require File.expand_path("../config", __FILE__)
+        require_relative 'config'
+        init!
        Config
      end

      synced_folder(:lxc) do
-        require File.expand_path("../synced_folder", __FILE__)
+        require_relative 'synced_folder'
        SyncedFolder
      end

@ -37,6 +36,16 @@ module Vagrant
        require_relative "provider/cap/public_address"
        Provider::Cap::PublicAddress
      end
+
+      protected
+
+      def self.init!
+        return if defined?(@_init)
+        I18n.load_path << File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../locales/en.yml')
+        I18n.reload!
+        @_init = true
+      end
+
    end
  end
 end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/provider.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/provider.rb
@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ require "log4r"

 require "vagrant-lxc/action"
 require "vagrant-lxc/driver"
-require "vagrant-lxc/sudo_wrapper"

 module Vagrant
  module LXC
@ -25,18 +24,9 @@ module Vagrant
        machine_id_changed
      end

-      def sudo_wrapper
-        @shell ||= begin
-          wrapper = Pathname.new(LXC.sudo_wrapper_path).exist? &&
-            LXC.sudo_wrapper_path || nil
-          @logger.debug("Found sudo wrapper : #{wrapper}") if wrapper
-          SudoWrapper.new(wrapper)
-        end
-      end
-
      def ensure_lxc_installed!
        begin
-          sudo_wrapper.run("/usr/bin/which", "lxc-create")
+          SudoWrapper.new(privileged: @machine.provider_config.privileged).run("which", "lxc-create")
        rescue Vagrant::LXC::Errors::ExecuteError
          raise Errors::LxcNotInstalled
        end
@ -49,7 +39,7 @@ module Vagrant

        begin
          @logger.debug("Instantiating the container for: #{id.inspect}")
-          @driver = Driver.new(id, self.sudo_wrapper)
+          @driver = Driver.new(id, privileged: @machine.provider_config.privileged)
          @driver.validate!
        rescue Driver::ContainerNotFound
          # The container doesn't exist, so we probably have a stale
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/sudo_wrapper.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/sudo_wrapper.rb
@ -6,15 +6,41 @@ module Vagrant

      attr_reader :wrapper_path

-      def initialize(wrapper_path = nil)
-        @wrapper_path = wrapper_path
+      def self.dest_path
+        "/usr/local/bin/vagrant-lxc-wrapper"
+      end
+
+      def initialize(privileged: true)
+        @wrapper_path = Pathname.new(SudoWrapper.dest_path).exist? && SudoWrapper.dest_path || nil
+        @privileged   = privileged
        @logger       = Log4r::Logger.new("vagrant::lxc::sudo_wrapper")
      end

      def run(*command)
        options = command.last.is_a?(Hash) ? command.last : {}
-        command.unshift @wrapper_path if @wrapper_path && !options[:no_wrapper]
-        execute *(['sudo'] + command)
+
+        # Avoid running LXC commands with a restrictive umask.
+        # Otherwise disasters occur, like the container root directory
+        # having permissions `rwxr-x---` which prevents the `vagrant`
+        # user from accessing its own home directory; among other
+        # problems, SSH cannot then read `authorized_keys`!
+        old_mask = File.umask
+        File.umask(old_mask & 022)  # allow all `r` and `x` bits
+
+        begin
+          if @privileged
+            if @wrapper_path && !options[:no_wrapper]
+              command.unshift @wrapper_path
+              execute *(['sudo'] + command)
+            else
+              execute *(['sudo', '/usr/bin/env'] + command)
+            end
+          else
+            execute *(['/usr/bin/env'] + command)
+          end
+        ensure
+          File.umask(old_mask)
+        end
      end

      private
@ -42,10 +68,10 @@ module Vagrant
          # nicely handled by Vagrant.
          if r.exit_code != 0
            if @interrupted
-              @logger.info("Exit code != 0, but interrupted. Ignoring.")
+              raise LXC::Errors::SubprocessInterruptError, command.inspect
            else
              raise LXC::Errors::ExecuteError,
-                command: command.inspect, stderr: r.stderr, stdout: r.stdout
+                command: command.inspect, stderr: r.stderr, stdout: r.stdout, exitcode: r.exit_code
            end
          end
        end
--- a/lib/vagrant-lxc/version.rb
+++ b/lib/vagrant-lxc/version.rb
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module Vagrant
  module LXC
-    VERSION = "1.1.0"
+    VERSION = "1.4.2"
  end
 end
--- a/locales/en.yml
+++ b/locales/en.yml
@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ en:
          preparing: Setting up mount entries for shared folders...

    errors:
+      lxc_interrupt_error: |-
+        Interrupted
+
      lxc_execute_error: |-
        There was an error executing %{command}

@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ en:
        another provider.

      lxc_not_installed: |-
-        The `lxc` package does not seem to be installed or is not accessible on the PATH.
+        The `lxc` package does not seem to be installed or `lxc-create` is not accessible on the PATH.

      lxc_redir_not_installed: |-
        `redir` is not installed or is not accessible on the PATH.
--- a/scripts/lxc-template
+++ b/scripts/lxc-template
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash

 # This is a modified version of /usr/share/lxc/templates/lxc-download
 # that comes with ubuntu-lxc 1.0.0 stable from ppa changed to suit vagrant-lxc needs
@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ LXC_PATH=
 LXC_ROOTFS=
 LXC_TARBALL=
 LXC_CONFIG=
+LXC_USE_OLDCONFIG=
 LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS=2

+
 usage() {
    cat <<EOF
 vagrant-lxc default template
@ -44,6 +46,7 @@ Required arguments:

 Optional arguments:
 [ --config ]: Configuration file to be used when building the container
+[ --oldconfig ]: Use pre LXC 2.1 config format
 [ -h | --help ]: This help message

 LXC internal arguments (do not pass manually!):
@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ EOF
    return 0
 }

-options=$(getopt -o h -l tarball:,config:,help:,name:,path:,rootfs:,mapped-uid:,mapped-gid:,strip-components: -- "$@")SS
+options=$(getopt -o h -l tarball:,config:,oldconfig,help:,name:,path:,rootfs:,mapped-uid:,mapped-gid:,strip-components: -- "$@")SS

 if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
    usage $(basename $0)
@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ do
    case "$1" in
        -h|--help)          usage $0 && exit 0;;
        --config)           LXC_CONFIG=$2; shift 2;;
+        --oldconfig)        LXC_USE_OLDCONFIG=1; shift 1;;
        --tarball)          LXC_TARBALL=$2; shift 2;;
        --name)             LXC_NAME=$2; shift 2;;
        --path)             LXC_PATH=$2; shift 2;;
@ -96,11 +100,6 @@ if [ -z "${LXC_PATH}" ]; then
    exit 1
 fi

-if [ -z "${LXC_CONFIG}" ]; then
-    echo "'config' parameter is required"
-    exit 1
-fi
-
 # if $LXC_ROOTFS exists here, it was passed in with --rootfs
 if [ -z "${LXC_ROOTFS}" ]; then
    config=${LXC_PATH}/config
@ -115,7 +114,6 @@ fi
 # Unpack the rootfs
 echo "Unpacking the rootfs"

-mkdir -p /var/lock/subsys
 (
    flock -x 200
    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
@ -124,13 +122,14 @@ mkdir -p /var/lock/subsys
    fi

    mkdir -p ${LXC_ROOTFS}
-    (cd ${LXC_ROOTFS} && tar xfz ${LXC_TARBALL} --strip-components=${LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS})
-    if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
+    (cd ${LXC_ROOTFS} && tar xfz ${LXC_TARBALL} --strip-components=${LXC_STRIP_COMPONENTS} --xattrs --xattrs-include=* || true)
+    if [ ! -f ${LXC_ROOTFS}/bin/true ]; then
        echo "Failed to extract rootfs"
        exit 1
    fi

-) 200>/var/lock/subsys/lxc
+) 200>${LXC_PATH}/vagrant_lock
+rm ${LXC_PATH}/vagrant_lock

 mkdir -p ${LXC_ROOTFS}/dev/pts/

@ -149,7 +148,12 @@ if [ -e "${LXC_PATH}/config-auto" ]; then
    cat ${LXC_PATH}/config-auto >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
    rm ${LXC_PATH}/config-auto
 fi
-echo "lxc.utsname = ${LXC_NAME}" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+
+if [ $LXC_USE_OLDCONFIG ]; then
+    echo "lxc.utsname = ${LXC_NAME}" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+else
+    echo "lxc.uts.name = ${LXC_NAME}" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+fi

 ## Re-add the previously removed network config
 if [ -e "${LXC_PATH}/config-network" ]; then
@ -160,11 +164,13 @@ if [ -e "${LXC_PATH}/config-network" ]; then
    rm ${LXC_PATH}/config-network
 fi

-## Append the defaults
-echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
-echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
-echo "# vagrant-lxc base box specific configuration" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
-cat ${LXC_CONFIG} >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+if [ -n "${LXC_CONFIG}" ]; then
+    ## Append the defaults
+    echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "##############################################" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    echo "# vagrant-lxc base box specific configuration" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+    cat ${LXC_CONFIG} >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
+fi

 # Empty section for lxc.customize calls from vagrantfile
 echo "" >> ${LXC_PATH}/config
--- a/scripts/pipework
+++ b/scripts/pipework
@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# Borrowed from https://github.com/jpetazzo/pipework
-
+#!/bin/sh
+# This code should (try to) follow Google's Shell Style Guide
+# (https://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/shell.xml)
 set -e

 case "$1" in
-    --wait)
-      WAIT=1
-      ;;
+  --wait)
+    WAIT=1
+    ;;
 esac

 IFNAME=$1
@ -19,280 +18,405 @@ if [ "$2" = "-i" ]; then
  shift 2
 fi

+if [ "$2" = "-l" ]; then
+  LOCAL_IFNAME=$3
+  shift 2
+fi
+
 GUESTNAME=$2
 IPADDR=$3
 MACADDR=$4

-if echo $MACADDR | grep -q @
-then
-  VLAN=$(echo $MACADDR | cut -d@ -f2)
-  MACADDR=$(echo $MACADDR | cut -d@ -f1)
-else
-  VLAN=
-fi
+case "$MACADDR" in
+  *@*)
+    VLAN="${MACADDR#*@}"
+    VLAN="${VLAN%%@*}"
+    MACADDR="${MACADDR%%@*}"
+    ;;
+  *)
+    VLAN=
+    ;;
+esac
+
+# did they ask to generate a custom MACADDR?
+# generate the unique string
+case "$MACADDR" in
+  U:*)
+    macunique="${MACADDR#*:}"
+    # now generate a 48-bit hash string from $macunique
+    MACADDR=$(echo $macunique|md5sum|sed 's/^\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\)\(..\).*$/02:\1:\2:\3:\4:\5/')
+   ;;
+esac
+

 [ "$IPADDR" ] || [ "$WAIT" ] || {
-    echo "Syntax:"
-    echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] <guest> <ipaddr>/<subnet>[@default_gateway] [macaddr][@vlan]"
-    echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] <guest> dhcp [macaddr][@vlan]"
-    echo "pipework --wait [-i containerinterface]"
-    exit 1
+  echo "Syntax:"
+  echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] [-l localinterfacename] <guest> <ipaddr>/<subnet>[@default_gateway] [macaddr][@vlan]"
+  echo "pipework <hostinterface> [-i containerinterface] [-l localinterfacename] <guest> dhcp [macaddr][@vlan]"
+  echo "pipework route <guest> <route_command>"
+  echo "pipework --wait [-i containerinterface]"
+  exit 1
 }

-# First step: determine type of first argument (bridge, physical interface...), skip if --wait set
-if [ -z "$WAIT" ]; then
-    if [ -d /sys/class/net/$IFNAME ]
-    then
-        if [ -d /sys/class/net/$IFNAME/bridge ]
-        then
-            IFTYPE=bridge
-            BRTYPE=linux
-        elif $(which ovs-vsctl >/dev/null 2>&1) && $(ovs-vsctl list-br|grep -q ^$IFNAME$)
-        then
-            IFTYPE=bridge
-            BRTYPE=openvswitch
-        elif [ $(cat /sys/class/net/$IFNAME/type) -eq 32 ]; # Infiniband IPoIB interface type 32
-        then
-            IFTYPE=ipoib
-            # The IPoIB kernel module is fussy, set device name to ib0 if not overridden
-            CONTAINER_IFNAME=${CONTAINER_IFNAME:-ib0}
-        else IFTYPE=phys
-        fi
-    else
-        # case "$IFNAME" in
-        # br*)
-            IFTYPE=bridge
-            BRTYPE=linux
-        #     ;;
-        # ovs*)
-        #     if ! $(which ovs-vsctl >/dev/null)
-        #     then
-        #         echo "Need OVS installed on the system to create an ovs bridge"
-        #     exit 1
-        #     fi
-        #     IFTYPE=bridge
-        #     BRTYPE=openvswitch
-        #     ;;
-        # *)
-        #     echo "I do not know how to setup interface $IFNAME."
-        #     exit 1
-        #     ;;
-        # esac
+# Succeed if the given utility is installed. Fail otherwise.
+# For explanations about `which` vs `type` vs `command`, see:
+# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/592620/check-if-a-program-exists-from-a-bash-script/677212#677212
+# (Thanks to @chenhanxiao for pointing this out!)
+installed () {
+  command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
+}
+
+# Google Styleguide says error messages should go to standard error.
+warn () {
+  echo "$@" >&2
+}
+die () {
+  status="$1"
+  shift
+  warn "$@"
+  exit "$status"
+}
+
+# First step: determine type of first argument (bridge, physical interface...),
+# Unless "--wait" is set (then skip the whole section)
+if [ -z "$WAIT" ]; then 
+  if [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME" ]
+  then
+    if [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME/bridge" ]; then
+      IFTYPE=bridge
+      BRTYPE=linux
+    elif installed ovs-vsctl && ovs-vsctl list-br|grep -q "^${IFNAME}$"; then
+      IFTYPE=bridge
+      BRTYPE=openvswitch
+    elif [ "$(cat "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME/type")" -eq 32 ]; then # InfiniBand IPoIB interface type 32
+      IFTYPE=ipoib
+      # The IPoIB kernel module is fussy, set device name to ib0 if not overridden
+      CONTAINER_IFNAME=${CONTAINER_IFNAME:-ib0}
+      PKEY=$VLAN
+    else IFTYPE=phys
    fi
+  else
+    case "$IFNAME" in
+      br*)
+        IFTYPE=bridge
+        BRTYPE=linux
+        ;;
+      ovs*)
+        if ! installed ovs-vsctl; then
+          die 1 "Need OVS installed on the system to create an ovs bridge"
+        fi
+        IFTYPE=bridge
+        BRTYPE=openvswitch
+        ;;
+      route*)
+        IFTYPE=route
+        ;;
+      dummy*)
+        IFTYPE=dummy
+        ;;
+      *) die 1 "I do not know how to setup interface $IFNAME." ;;
+    esac
+  fi
 fi

 # Set the default container interface name to eth1 if not already set
 CONTAINER_IFNAME=${CONTAINER_IFNAME:-eth1}

 [ "$WAIT" ] && {
-  while ! grep -q ^1$ /sys/class/net/$CONTAINER_IFNAME/carrier 2>/dev/null
-  do sleep 1
-  done
+  while true; do
+    # This first method works even without `ip` or `ifconfig` installed,
+    # but doesn't work on older kernels (e.g. CentOS 6.X). See #128.
+    grep -q '^1$' "/sys/class/net/$CONTAINER_IFNAME/carrier" && break
+    # This method hopefully works on those older kernels.
+    ip link ls dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" && break
+    sleep 1
+  done > /dev/null 2>&1
  exit 0
 }

-[ $IFTYPE = bridge ] && [ $BRTYPE = linux ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && {
-    echo "VLAN configuration currently unsupported for Linux bridge."
-    exit 1
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && [ "$BRTYPE" = linux ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && {
+  die 1 "VLAN configuration currently unsupported for Linux bridge."
 }

-[ $IFTYPE = ipoib ] && [ $MACADDR ] && {
-	echo "MACADDR configuration unsupported for IPoIB interfaces."
-	exit 1
+[ "$IFTYPE" = ipoib ] && [ "$MACADDR" ] && {
+  die 1 "MACADDR configuration unsupported for IPoIB interfaces."
 }

 # Second step: find the guest (for now, we only support LXC containers)
-while read dev mnt fstype options dump fsck
-do
-    [ "$fstype" != "cgroup" ] && continue
-    echo $options | grep -qw devices || continue
-    CGROUPMNT=$mnt
+while read _ mnt fstype options _; do
+  [ "$fstype" != "cgroup" ] && continue
+  echo "$options" | grep -qw devices || continue
+  CGROUPMNT=$mnt
 done < /proc/mounts

 [ "$CGROUPMNT" ] || {
-    echo "Could not locate cgroup mount point."
-    exit 1
+    die 1 "Could not locate cgroup mount point."
 }

 # Try to find a cgroup matching exactly the provided name.
 N=$(find "$CGROUPMNT" -name "$GUESTNAME" | wc -l)
 case "$N" in
-    0)
-	# If we didn't find anything, try to lookup the container with Docker.
-	if which docker >/dev/null
-	then
-        RETRIES=3
-        while [ $RETRIES -gt 0 ]; do
-      	    DOCKERPID=$(docker inspect --format='{{ .State.Pid }}' $GUESTNAME)
-            [ $DOCKERPID != 0 ] && break
-            sleep 1
-            RETRIES=$((RETRIES - 1))
-        done
+  0)
+    # If we didn't find anything, try to lookup the container with Docker.
+    if installed docker; then
+      RETRIES=3
+      while [ "$RETRIES" -gt 0 ]; do
+        DOCKERPID=$(docker inspect --format='{{ .State.Pid }}' "$GUESTNAME")
+        [ "$DOCKERPID" != 0 ] && break
+        sleep 1
+        RETRIES=$((RETRIES - 1))
+      done

-        [ "$DOCKERPID" = 0 ] && {
-      		echo "Docker inspect returned invalid PID 0"
-    		exit 1
-      	}
+      [ "$DOCKERPID" = 0 ] && {
+        die 1 "Docker inspect returned invalid PID 0"
+      }

-        [ "$DOCKERPID" = "<no value>" ] && {
-      		echo "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and unknown to Docker."
-    		exit 1
-      	}
-	else
-	    echo "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and Docker not installed."
-	    exit 1
-	fi
-	;;
-    1)
-	true
-	;;
-    *)
-	echo "Found more than one container matching $GUESTNAME."
-	exit 1
-	;;
+      [ "$DOCKERPID" = "<no value>" ] && {
+        die 1 "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and unknown to Docker."
+      }
+    else
+      die 1 "Container $GUESTNAME not found, and Docker not installed."
+    fi
+    ;;
+  1) true ;;
+  *) die 1 "Found more than one container matching $GUESTNAME." ;;
 esac

-if [ "$IPADDR" = "dhcp" ]
-then
-    # Check for first available dhcp client
-    DHCP_CLIENT_LIST="udhcpc dhcpcd dhclient"
-    for CLIENT in $DHCP_CLIENT_LIST; do
-        which $CLIENT >/dev/null && {
-            DHCP_CLIENT=$CLIENT
-            break
-        }
-    done
-    [ -z $DHCP_CLIENT ] && {
-    	echo "You asked for DHCP; but no DHCP client could be found."
-    	exit 1
-    }
-else
-    # Check if a subnet mask was provided.
-    echo $IPADDR | grep -q / || {
-	echo "The IP address should include a netmask."
-	echo "Maybe you meant $IPADDR/24 ?"
-	exit 1
-    }
-    # Check if a gateway address was provided.
-    if echo $IPADDR | grep -q @
-    then
-        GATEWAY=$(echo $IPADDR | cut -d@ -f2)
-        IPADDR=$(echo $IPADDR | cut -d@ -f1)
-    else
-        GATEWAY=
-    fi
+# only check IPADDR if we are not in a route mode
+[ "$IFTYPE" != route ] && {
+  case "$IPADDR" in
+    # Let's check first if the user asked for DHCP allocation.
+    dhcp|dhcp:*)
+      # Use Docker-specific strategy to run the DHCP client
+      # from the busybox image, in the network namespace of
+      # the container.
+      if ! [ "$DOCKERPID" ]; then
+        warn "You asked for a Docker-specific DHCP method."
+        warn "However, $GUESTNAME doesn't seem to be a Docker container."
+        warn "Try to replace 'dhcp' with another option?"
+        die 1 "Aborting."
+      fi
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${IPADDR%%:*}
+      ;;
+    udhcpc|udhcpc:*|udhcpc-f|udhcpc-f:*|dhcpcd|dhcpcd:*|dhclient|dhclient:*|dhclient-f|dhclient-f:*)
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${IPADDR%%:*}
+      # did they ask for the client to remain?
+      DHCP_FOREGROUND=
+      [ "${DHCP_CLIENT: -2}" = '-f' ] && {
+        DHCP_FOREGROUND=true
+      }
+      DHCP_CLIENT=${DHCP_CLIENT%-f}
+      if ! installed "$DHCP_CLIENT"; then
+        die 1 "You asked for DHCP client $DHCP_CLIENT, but I can't find it."
+      fi
+      ;;
+    # Alright, no DHCP? Then let's see if we have a subnet *and* gateway.
+    */*@*)
+      GATEWAY="${IPADDR#*@}" GATEWAY="${GATEWAY%%@*}"
+      IPADDR="${IPADDR%%@*}"
+      ;;
+    # No gateway? We need at least a subnet, anyway!
+    */*) : ;;
+    # ... No? Then stop right here.
+    *)
+      warn "The IP address should include a netmask."
+      die 1 "Maybe you meant $IPADDR/24 ?"
+      ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+# If a DHCP method was specified, extract the DHCP options.
+if [ "$DHCP_CLIENT" ]; then
+  case "$IPADDR" in
+    *:*) DHCP_OPTIONS="${IPADDR#*:}" ;;
+  esac
 fi

-if [ $DOCKERPID ]; then
+if [ "$DOCKERPID" ]; then
  NSPID=$DOCKERPID
 else
-  NSPID=$(head -n 1 $(find "$CGROUPMNT" -name "$GUESTNAME" | head -n 1)/tasks)
+  NSPID=$(head -n 1 "$(find "$CGROUPMNT" -name "$GUESTNAME" | head -n 1)/tasks")
  [ "$NSPID" ] || {
-      echo "Could not find a process inside container $GUESTNAME."
-      exit 1
+    # it is an alternative way to get the pid
+    NSPID=$(lxc-info -n  "$GUESTNAME" | grep PID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+')
+    [ "$NSPID" ] || {
+      die 1 "Could not find a process inside container $GUESTNAME."
+    }
  }
 fi

 # Check if an incompatible VLAN device already exists
-[ $IFTYPE = phys ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && [ -d /sys/class/net/$IFNAME.VLAN ] && {
-    [ -z "$(ip -d link show $IFNAME.$VLAN | grep "vlan.*id $VLAN")" ] && {
-        echo "$IFNAME.VLAN already exists but is not a VLAN device for tag $VLAN"
-        exit 1
-    }
+[ "$IFTYPE" = phys ] && [ "$VLAN" ] && [ -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME.VLAN" ] && {
+  ip -d link show "$IFNAME.$VLAN" | grep -q "vlan.*id $VLAN" || {
+    die 1 "$IFNAME.VLAN already exists but is not a VLAN device for tag $VLAN"
+  }
 }

 [ ! -d /var/run/netns ] && mkdir -p /var/run/netns
-[ -f /var/run/netns/$NSPID ] && rm -f /var/run/netns/$NSPID
-ln -s /proc/$NSPID/ns/net /var/run/netns/$NSPID
+rm -f "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"
+ln -s "/proc/$NSPID/ns/net" "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"

 # Check if we need to create a bridge.
-[ $IFTYPE = bridge ] && [ ! -d /sys/class/net/$IFNAME ] && {
-    [ $BRTYPE = linux ] && {
-        (ip link add dev $IFNAME type bridge > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addbr $IFNAME)
-        ip link set $IFNAME up
-    }
-    [ $BRTYPE = openvswitch ] && {
-        ovs-vsctl add-br $IFNAME
-    }
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && [ ! -d "/sys/class/net/$IFNAME" ] && {
+  [ "$BRTYPE" = linux ] && {
+    (ip link add dev "$IFNAME" type bridge > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addbr "$IFNAME")
+    ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+  }
+  [ "$BRTYPE" = openvswitch ] && {
+    ovs-vsctl add-br "$IFNAME"
+  }
 }

-MTU=$(ip link show $IFNAME | awk '{print $5}')
+[ "$IFTYPE" != "route" ] && [ "$IFTYPE" != "dummy" ] && MTU=$(ip link show "$IFNAME" | awk '{print $5}')
+
 # If it's a bridge, we need to create a veth pair
-[ $IFTYPE = bridge ] && {
+[ "$IFTYPE" = bridge ] && {
+  if [ -z "$LOCAL_IFNAME" ]; then
    LOCAL_IFNAME="v${CONTAINER_IFNAME}pl${NSPID}"
-    GUEST_IFNAME="v${CONTAINER_IFNAME}pg${NSPID}"
-    ip link add name $LOCAL_IFNAME mtu $MTU type veth peer name $GUEST_IFNAME mtu $MTU
-    case "$BRTYPE" in
-        linux)
-            (ip link set $LOCAL_IFNAME master $IFNAME > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addif $IFNAME $LOCAL_IFNAME)
-            ;;
-        openvswitch)
-            ovs-vsctl add-port $IFNAME $LOCAL_IFNAME ${VLAN:+"tag=$VLAN"}
-            ;;
-    esac
-    ip link set $LOCAL_IFNAME up
-}
-
-# Note: if no container interface name was specified, pipework will default to ib0
-# Note: no macvlan subinterface or ethernet bridge can be created against an
-# ipoib interface. Infiniband is not ethernet. ipoib is an IP layer for it.
-# To provide additional ipoib interfaces to containers use SR-IOV and pipework
-# to assign them.
-[ $IFTYPE = ipoib ] && {
-  GUEST_IFNAME=$CONTAINER_IFNAME
+  fi
+  GUEST_IFNAME="v${CONTAINER_IFNAME}pg${NSPID}"
+  # Does the link already exist?
+  if ip link show "$LOCAL_IFNAME" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    # link exists, is it in use?
+    if ip link show "$LOCAL_IFNAME" up | grep -q "UP"; then
+      echo "Link $LOCAL_IFNAME exists and is up"
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    # delete the link so we can re-add it afterwards
+    ip link del "$LOCAL_IFNAME"
+  fi
+  ip link add name "$LOCAL_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU" type veth peer name "$GUEST_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU"
+  case "$BRTYPE" in
+    linux)
+      (ip link set "$LOCAL_IFNAME" master "$IFNAME" > /dev/null 2>&1) || (brctl addif "$IFNAME" "$LOCAL_IFNAME")
+      ;;
+    openvswitch)
+      if ! ovs-vsctl list-ports "$IFNAME" | grep -q "^${LOCAL_IFNAME}$"; then
+        ovs-vsctl add-port "$IFNAME" "$LOCAL_IFNAME" ${VLAN:+tag="$VLAN"}
+      fi
+      ;;
+  esac
+  ip link set "$LOCAL_IFNAME" up
 }

 # If it's a physical interface, create a macvlan subinterface
-[ $IFTYPE = phys ] && {
-    [ "$VLAN" ] && {
-        [ ! -d /sys/class/net/$IFNAME.$VLAN ] && {
-            ip link add link $IFNAME name $IFNAME.$VLAN mtu $MTU type vlan id $VLAN
-        }
-
-        ip link set $IFNAME up
-        IFNAME=$IFNAME.$VLAN
+[ "$IFTYPE" = phys ] && {
+  [ "$VLAN" ] && {
+    [ ! -d "/sys/class/net/${IFNAME}.${VLAN}" ] && {
+      ip link add link "$IFNAME" name "$IFNAME.$VLAN" mtu "$MTU" type vlan id "$VLAN"
    }
-    GUEST_IFNAME=ph$NSPID$CONTAINER_IFNAME
-    ip link add link $IFNAME dev $GUEST_IFNAME mtu $MTU type macvlan mode bridge
-    ip link set $IFNAME up
+    ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+    IFNAME=$IFNAME.$VLAN
+  }
+  GUEST_IFNAME=ph$NSPID$CONTAINER_IFNAME
+  ip link add link "$IFNAME" dev "$GUEST_IFNAME" mtu "$MTU" type macvlan mode bridge
+  ip link set "$IFNAME" up
 }

-ip link set $GUEST_IFNAME netns $NSPID
-ip netns exec $NSPID ip link set $GUEST_IFNAME name $CONTAINER_IFNAME
-[ "$MACADDR" ] && ip netns exec $NSPID ip link set dev $CONTAINER_IFNAME address $MACADDR
-if [ "$IPADDR" = "dhcp" ]
-then
-    [ $DHCP_CLIENT = "udhcpc"  ] && ip netns exec $NSPID $DHCP_CLIENT -qi $CONTAINER_IFNAME -x hostname:$GUESTNAME
-    if [ $DHCP_CLIENT = "dhclient"  ]
-    then
-        # kill dhclient after get ip address to prevent device be used after container close
-        ip netns exec $NSPID $DHCP_CLIENT -pf "/var/run/dhclient.$NSPID.pid" $CONTAINER_IFNAME
-        kill "$(cat "/var/run/dhclient.$NSPID.pid")"
-        rm "/var/run/dhclient.$NSPID.pid"
-    fi
-    [ $DHCP_CLIENT = "dhcpcd"  ] && ip netns exec $NSPID $DHCP_CLIENT -q $CONTAINER_IFNAME -h $GUESTNAME
-else
-    ip netns exec $NSPID ip addr add $IPADDR dev $CONTAINER_IFNAME
-    [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
-	ip netns exec $NSPID ip route delete default >/dev/null 2>&1 && true
-    }
-    ip netns exec $NSPID ip link set $CONTAINER_IFNAME up
-    [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
-	ip netns exec $NSPID ip route get $GATEWAY >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
-		ip netns exec $NSPID ip route add $GATEWAY/32 dev $CONTAINER_IFNAME
-	ip netns exec $NSPID ip route replace default via $GATEWAY
-    }
-fi
+# If it's an IPoIB interface, create a virtual IPoIB interface (the IPoIB
+# equivalent of a macvlan device)
+#
+# Note: no macvlan subinterface nor Ethernet bridge can be created on top of an
+# IPoIB interface. InfiniBand is not Ethernet. IPoIB is an IP layer on top of
+# InfiniBand, without an intermediate Ethernet layer.
+[ "$IFTYPE" = ipoib ] && {
+  GUEST_IFNAME="${IFNAME}.${NSPID}"

-# Give our ARP neighbors a nudge about the new interface
-if which arping > /dev/null 2>&1
-then
-    IPADDR=$(echo $IPADDR | cut -d/ -f1)
-    ip netns exec $NSPID arping -c 1 -A -I $CONTAINER_IFNAME $IPADDR > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
-else
+  # If a partition key is provided, use it
+  [ "$PKEY" ] && {
+    GUEST_IFNAME="${IFNAME}.${PKEY}.${NSPID}"
+    PKEY="pkey 0x$PKEY"
+  }
+
+  ip link add link "$IFNAME" name "$GUEST_IFNAME" type ipoib $PKEY
+  ip link set "$IFNAME" up
+}
+
+# If its a dummy interface, create a dummy interface.
+[ "$IFTYPE" = dummy ] && {
+  GUEST_IFNAME=du$NSPID$CONTAINER_IFNAME
+  ip link add dev "$GUEST_IFNAME" type dummy
+}
+
+# If the `route` command was specified ...
+if [ "$IFTYPE" = route ]; then
+  # ... discard the first two arguments and pass the rest to the route command.
+  shift 2
+  ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route "$@"
+else 
+  # Otherwise, run normally.
+  ip link set "$GUEST_IFNAME" netns "$NSPID"
+  ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set "$GUEST_IFNAME" name "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+  [ "$MACADDR" ] && ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" address "$MACADDR"
+
+  # When using any of the DHCP methods, we start a DHCP client in the
+  # network namespace of the container. With the 'dhcp' method, the
+  # client used is taken from the Docker busybox image (therefore
+  # requiring no specific client installed on the host). Other methods
+  # use a locally installed client.
+  case "$DHCP_CLIENT" in
+    dhcp)
+      docker run -d --net container:$GUESTNAME --cap-add NET_ADMIN \
+             busybox udhcpc -i "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" -x "hostname:$GUESTNAME" \
+             $DHCP_OPTIONS \
+             >/dev/null
+      ;;
+    udhcpc)
+      DHCP_Q="-q"
+      [ "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        DHCP_OPTIONS="$DHCP_OPTIONS -f"
+      }
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" -qi "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" \
+                                            -x "hostname:$GUESTNAME" \
+                                            -p "/var/run/udhcpc.$GUESTNAME.pid" \
+                                            $DHCP_OPTIONS
+      [ ! "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        rm "/var/run/udhcpc.$GUESTNAME.pid"
+      }
+      ;;
+    dhclient)
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" \
+                                            -pf "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid" \
+                                            -lf "/etc/dhclient/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.leases" \
+                                            $DHCP_OPTIONS
+      # kill dhclient after get ip address to prevent device be used after container close
+      [ ! "$DHCP_FOREGROUND" ] && {
+        kill "$(cat "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid")"
+        rm "/var/run/dhclient.$GUESTNAME.pid"
+      }
+      ;;
+    dhcpcd)
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" "$DHCP_CLIENT" -q "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" -h "$GUESTNAME"
+      ;;
+    "")
+      if installed ipcalc; then
+        eval "$(ipcalc -b $IPADDR)"
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip addr add "$IPADDR" brd "$BROADCAST" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+      else
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip addr add "$IPADDR" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+      fi
+
+      [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route delete default >/dev/null 2>&1 && true
+      }
+      ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip link set "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" up
+      [ "$GATEWAY" ] && {
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route get "$GATEWAY" >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route add "$GATEWAY/32" dev "$CONTAINER_IFNAME"
+        ip netns exec "$NSPID" ip route replace default via "$GATEWAY"
+      }
+      ;;
+  esac
+
+  # Give our ARP neighbors a nudge about the new interface
+  if installed arping; then
+    IPADDR=$(echo "$IPADDR" | cut -d/ -f1)
+    ip netns exec "$NSPID" arping -c 1 -A -I "$CONTAINER_IFNAME" "$IPADDR" > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
+  else
    echo "Warning: arping not found; interface may not be immediately reachable"
+  fi
 fi
-
 # Remove NSPID to avoid `ip netns` catch it.
-[ -f /var/run/netns/$NSPID ] && rm -f /var/run/netns/$NSPID
-exit 0
+rm -f "/var/run/netns/$NSPID"
+
+# vim: set tabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2 expandtab :
--- a/spec/Vagrantfile
+++ b/spec/Vagrantfile
@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|

  config.cache.auto_detect = true

-  config.vm.provider :lxc do |lxc|
-    # lxc.sudo_wrapper = '/usr/bin/lxc-vagrant-wrapper'
-  end
-
  config.vm.provision :shell,
    inline: 'mkdir -p /vagrant/tmp && echo -n "Provisioned" > /vagrant/tmp/provisioning'

--- a/spec/unit/action/forward_ports_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/unit/action/forward_ports_spec.rb
@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Action::ForwardPorts do
    machine.stub_chain(:config, :vm, :networks).and_return(networks)
    machine.stub(provider: provider, data_dir: data_dir)

+    subject.stub(redir_version: 3)
    subject.stub(exec: true)
    subject.stub(spawn: pid)
  end
@ -34,25 +35,25 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Action::ForwardPorts do
    subject.stub(system: true)
    subject.call(env)
    expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-      "redir --laddr=#{host_ip} --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+      "redir -n #{host_ip}:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
    )
  end

-  it 'skips --laddr parameter if host_ip is nil' do
+  it 'Uses 127.0.0.1 as default if host_ip is nil' do
    forward_conf.delete(:host_ip)
    subject.stub(system: true)
    subject.call(env)
    expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-      "redir --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+      "redir -n 127.0.0.1:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
    )
  end

-  it 'skips --laddr parameter if host_ip is a blank string' do
+  it 'Uses 127.0.0.1 by default if host_ip is a blank string' do
    forward_conf[:host_ip] = ' '
    subject.stub(system: true)
    subject.call(env)
    expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-      "redir --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+      "redir -n 127.0.0.1:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
    )
  end

@ -70,6 +71,15 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Action::ForwardPorts do
    expect(subject).not_to have_received(:spawn)
  end

+  it 'uses redir 2.x command line interface' do
+    subject.stub(system: true)
+    subject.stub(redir_version: 2)
+    subject.call(env)
+    expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
+      "redir --laddr=#{host_ip} --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+    )
+  end
+
  it 'raises RedirNotInstalled error if `redir` is not installed' do
    subject.stub(system: false)
    expect { subject.call(env) }.to raise_error(Vagrant::LXC::Errors::RedirNotInstalled)
@ -82,25 +92,25 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Action::ForwardPorts do
      subject.stub(system: true)
      subject.call(env)
      expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-        "sudo redir --laddr=#{host_ip} --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+        "sudo redir -n #{host_ip}:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
      )
    end

-    it 'skips --laddr parameter if host_ip is nil' do
+    it 'Uses 127.0.0.1 by default if host_ip is nil' do
      forward_conf.delete(:host_ip)
      subject.stub(system: true)
      subject.call(env)
      expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-        "sudo redir --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+        "sudo redir -n 127.0.0.1:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
      )
    end

-    it 'skips --laddr parameter if host_ip is a blank string' do
+    it 'Uses 127.0.0.1 by default if host_ip is a blank string' do
      forward_conf[:host_ip] = ' '
      subject.stub(system: true)
      subject.call(env)
      expect(subject).to have_received(:spawn).with(
-        "sudo redir --lport=#{host_port} --caddr=#{container_ip} --cport=#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
+        "sudo redir -n 127.0.0.1:#{host_port} #{container_ip}:#{guest_port} 2>/dev/null"
      )
    end
  end
--- a/spec/unit/driver/cli_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/unit/driver/cli_spec.rb
@ -30,16 +30,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI do

  describe 'version' do
    before do
-      allow(subject).to receive(:support_version_command?).and_return(true)
-      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:version).and_return(lxc_version_out)
-    end
-
-    describe 'lxc version before 1.x.x' do
-      let(:lxc_version_out) { "lxc version:  0.x.y-rc1\n" }
-
-      it 'parses the version from the output' do
-        expect(subject.version).to eq('0.x.y-rc1')
-      end
+      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:create, '--version').and_return(lxc_version_out)
    end

    describe 'lxc version after 1.x.x' do
@ -53,24 +44,11 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI do

  describe 'config' do
    before do
-      allow(subject).to receive(:support_version_command?).and_return(support_version_command?)
      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:config, 'lxc.lxcpath').and_return(lxc_config_out)
-      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:version).and_return(lxc_version_out)
      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:create, '--version').and_return(lxc_version_out)
    end

-    describe 'lxc version before 1.x.x' do
-      let(:support_version_command?) { true }
-      let(:lxc_config_out)           { "/var/lib/lxc\n" }
-      let(:lxc_version_out)          { "lxc version:  0.x.y-rc1\n" }
-
-      it 'not supported' do
-        expect{subject.config('lxc.lxcpath')}.to raise_error(Vagrant::LXC::Errors::CommandNotSupported)
-      end
-    end
-
-    describe 'lxc version before after 1.x.x'do
-      let(:support_version_command?) { false }
+    describe 'lxc version after 1.x.x'do
      let(:lxc_config_out)           { "/var/lib/lxc\n" }
      let(:lxc_version_out)          { "1.0.0\n" }

@ -156,36 +134,11 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI do

    before do
      allow(subject).to receive(:run)
+      subject.stop
    end

-    context 'lxc-attach is supported' do
-      before do
-        subject.stub(attach: true, supports_attach?: true)
-        subject.stop
-      end
-
-      it 'runs a /sbin/halt within the container' do
-        expect(subject).to have_received(:attach).with('/sbin/halt')
-      end
-
-      it 'issues a lxc-stop with provided container name' do
-        expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(:stop, '--name', name)
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'lxc-attach is not supported' do
-      before do
-        subject.stub(attach: false, supports_attach?: false)
-        subject.stop
-      end
-
-      it 'runs a /sbin/halt within the container' do
-        expect(subject).to_not have_received(:attach)
-      end
-
-      it 'issues a lxc-stop with provided container name' do
-        expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(:stop, '--name', name)
-      end
+    it 'issues a lxc-stop with provided container name' do
+      expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(:stop, '--name', name)
    end
  end

@ -232,13 +185,6 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI do
      subject.attach *(command + [{namespaces: ['network', 'mount']}])
      expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(:attach, '--name', name, '--namespaces', 'NETWORK|MOUNT', '--', *command)
    end
-
-    it 'raises a NamespacesNotSupported error if not supported' do
-      allow(subject).to receive(:run).with(:attach, '-h', :show_stderr => true).and_return({:stdout => '', :stderr => 'not supported'})
-      expect {
-        subject.attach *(command + [{namespaces: ['network', 'mount']}])
-      }.to raise_error(Vagrant::LXC::Errors::NamespacesNotSupported)
-    end
  end

  describe 'transition block' do
@ -260,33 +206,4 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI do

    skip 'waits for the expected container state'
  end
-
-  describe 'check for whether lxc-attach is supported' do
-    let(:name) { 'a-running-container' }
-    subject    { described_class.new(sudo_wrapper, name) }
-
-    context 'lxc-attach is present on system' do
-      before { subject.stub(run: true) }
-
-      it 'returns true if `lxc-attach --name CNAME -- /bin/true` works' do
-        expect(subject.supports_attach?).to be_truthy
-        expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(
-          :attach, '--name', name, '--', '/bin/true'
-        )
-      end
-    end
-
-    context 'lxc-attach is not present on system' do
-      before do
-        allow(subject).to receive(:run).and_raise(Vagrant::LXC::Errors::ExecuteError.new('msg'))
-      end
-
-      it 'returns true if `lxc-attach --name CNAME -- /bin/true` works' do
-        expect(subject.supports_attach?).to be_falsy
-        expect(subject).to have_received(:run).with(
-          :attach, '--name', name, '--', '/bin/true'
-        )
-      end
-    end
-  end
 end
--- a/spec/unit/driver_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/unit/driver_spec.rb
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do

    it 'creates container with the right arguments' do
      expect(cli).to have_received(:create).with(
-        template_name,
+        template_path,
        backingstore,
        backingstore_opts,
        config_file,
@ -75,21 +75,10 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
    end
  end

-  describe 'supports_attach?' do
-    let(:cli) { double(Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI, supports_attach?: true) }
-
-    subject { described_class.new('name', nil, cli) }
-
-    it 'delegates to cli object' do
-      expect(subject.supports_attach?).to be_truthy
-      expect(cli).to have_received(:supports_attach?)
-    end
-  end
-
  describe 'start' do
    let(:customizations)         { [['a', '1'], ['b', '2']] }
    let(:internal_customization) { ['internal', 'customization'] }
-    let(:cli)                    { double(Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI, start: true, support_config_command?: false) }
+    let(:cli)                    { double(Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI, start: true) }
    let(:sudo)                   { double(Vagrant::LXC::SudoWrapper) }

    subject { described_class.new('name', sudo, cli) }
@ -97,8 +86,9 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
    before do
      sudo.should_receive(:run).with('cat', '/var/lib/lxc/name/config').exactly(2).times.
        and_return('# CONFIGURATION')
-      sudo.should_receive(:run).twice.with('cp', '-f', %r{/tmp/.*}, '/var/lib/lxc/name/config')
+      sudo.should_receive(:run).twice.with('cp', '-f', %r{/(run|tmp)/.*}, '/var/lib/lxc/name/config')
      sudo.should_receive(:run).twice.with('chown', 'root:root', '/var/lib/lxc/name/config')
+      expect(cli).to receive(:config).with("lxc.lxcpath").and_return("/var/lib/lxc")

      subject.customizations << internal_customization
      subject.start(customizations)
@ -152,21 +142,11 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
  end

  describe 'containers_path' do
-    let(:cli) { double(Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI, config: cli_config_value, support_config_command?: cli_support_config_command_value) }
+    let(:cli) { double(Vagrant::LXC::Driver::CLI, config: cli_config_value) }

    subject { described_class.new('name', nil, cli) }

-    describe 'lxc version before 1.x.x' do
-      let(:cli_support_config_command_value) { false }
-      let(:cli_config_value)                 { '/var/lib/lxc' }
-
-      it 'delegates to cli' do
-        expect(subject.containers_path).to eq(cli_config_value)
-      end
-    end
-
    describe 'lxc version after 1.x.x' do
-      let(:cli_support_config_command_value) { true }
      let(:cli_config_value)                 { '/etc/lxc' }

      it 'delegates to cli' do
@ -192,14 +172,10 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
        subject.share_folders(folders)
      end

-      it "creates guest folder under container's rootfs" do
-        expect(sudo_wrapper).to have_received(:run).with("mkdir", "-p", "#{rootfs_path}/#{expected_guest_path}")
-      end
-
      it 'adds a mount.entry to its local customizations' do
        expect(subject.customizations).to include [
          'mount.entry',
-          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind 0 0"
+          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind,create=dir 0 0"
        ]
      end

@ -213,7 +189,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
      it 'supports directories with spaces' do
        expect(subject.customizations).to include [
          'mount.entry',
-          "/path/with\\040space tmp/with\\040space none bind 0 0"
+          "/path/with\\040space tmp/with\\040space none bind,create=dir 0 0"
        ]
      end
    end
@ -224,9 +200,9 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
          # Blah blah comment
          lxc.mount.entry = proc proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0
          lxc.mount.entry = sysfs sys sysfs defaults  0 0
-          lxc.tty = 4
-          lxc.pts = 1024
-          lxc.rootfs = #{rootfs_path}
+          lxc.tty.max = 4
+          lxc.pty.max = 1024
+          lxc.rootfs.path = #{rootfs_path}
          # VAGRANT-BEGIN
          lxc.network.type=veth
          lxc.network.name=eth1
@ -243,7 +219,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
      it 'adds a mount.entry to its local customizations' do
        expect(subject.customizations).to include [
          'mount.entry',
-          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind 0 0"
+          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind,create=dir 0 0"
        ]
      end
    end
@ -254,9 +230,9 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
          # Blah blah comment
          lxc.mount.entry = proc proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0
          lxc.mount.entry = sysfs sys sysfs defaults  0 0
-          lxc.tty = 4
-          lxc.pts = 1024
-          lxc.rootfs = overlayfs:/path/to/master/directory:#{rootfs_path}
+          lxc.tty.max = 4
+          lxc.pty.max = 1024
+          lxc.rootfs.path = overlayfs:/path/to/master/directory:#{rootfs_path}
          # VAGRANT-BEGIN
          lxc.network.type=veth
          lxc.network.name=eth1
@ -273,7 +249,7 @@ describe Vagrant::LXC::Driver do
      it 'adds a mount.entry to its local customizations' do
        expect(subject.customizations).to include [
          'mount.entry',
-          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind 0 0"
+          "#{shared_folder[:hostpath]} #{expected_guest_path} none bind,create=dir 0 0"
        ]
      end
    end
--- a/templates/sudoers.rb.erb
+++ b/templates/sudoers.rb.erb
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#!/opt/vagrant/embedded/bin/ruby
+#!<%= cmd_paths['ruby'] %>
 # Automatically created by vagrant-lxc

 class Whitelist
@ -78,9 +78,8 @@ class Whitelist
  end
 end

-base = "/var/lib/lxc"
+base = "<%= lxc_base_path %>"
 base_path = %r{\A#{base}/.*\z}
-templates_path = %r{\A/usr/(share|lib|lib64|local/lib)/lxc/templates/.*\z}

 ##
 # Commands from provider.rb
@ -96,18 +95,13 @@ Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['mkdir'] %>', '-p', base_path
 # - Container config customizations and pruning
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['cp'] %>', '-f', %r{/tmp/.*}, base_path
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['chown'] %>', 'root:root', base_path
-# - Template import
-Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['cp'] %>', %r{\A.*\z}, templates_path
-Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['chmod'] %>', '+x', templates_path
-# - Template removal
-Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['rm'] %>', templates_path
 # - Packaging
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['tar'] %>', '--numeric-owner', '-cvzf', %r{/tmp/.*/rootfs.tar.gz}, '-C', base_path, './rootfs'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['chown'] %>', /\A\d+:\d+\z/, %r{\A/tmp/.*/rootfs\.tar\.gz\z}
 # - Private network script and commands
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['ip'] %>', 'addr', 'add', /(\d+|\.)+\/24/, 'dev', /.+/
-Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['ifconfig'] %>', /.+/, 'down'
-Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['brctl'] %>', 'delbr', /.+/
+Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['ip'] %>', 'link', 'set', /.+/, /(up|down)/
+Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['brctl'] %>', /(addbr|delbr)/, /.+/
 Whitelist.add_regex %r{<%= pipework_regex %>}, '**'

 ##
@ -115,6 +109,7 @@ Whitelist.add_regex %r{<%= pipework_regex %>}, '**'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-version'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-ls'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-info', '--name', /.*/
+Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-info', '--name', /.*/, '-iH'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-create', '-B', /.*/, '--template', /.*/, '--name', /.*/, '**'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-create', '--version'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-destroy', '--name', /.*/
@ -124,6 +119,7 @@ Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-shutdown', '--name', /.*/
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-attach', '--name', /.*/, '**'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-attach', '-h'
 Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-config', 'lxc.lxcpath'
+Whitelist.add '<%= cmd_paths['lxc_bin'] %>/lxc-update-config', '-c', /.*/

 ##
 # Commands from driver/action/remove_temporary_files.rb